William Blakes Songs of Innocence Essay Example For Students

William Blakes Songs of Innocence Essay Flakes use of the pastoral in Songs of Innocence and Experience Put simply, Flakes Songs of Innocence and Experience Juxtapose the innocent pastoral world of childhood against an adult world of corruption and repression. The collection as a whole, by meaner of paired poems in Innocence and Experience (The Lamb, The Tiger; The Echoing Green, The Garden of Love/London; The Nurses Song (l and E); Introduction (l and E); The Chimney sweeper (l and E), etc) explores the value and limitations of two different perspectives of the world. The same situation or problem is seen through the eyes or perspective of Innocence first, then Experience. We will write a custom essay on William Blakes Songs of Innocence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Blake stands outside Innocence and Experience, in a distanced position from which he recognizes and attempts to correct the fallacies of both perspectives. He uses the pastoral, in many songs, to attack oppressive and destructive authority (Church, King, parents, adult figures), restrictive morality, sexual repression, established religion the Established Church, social inequality, militarism. The pastoral is a literary style that presents an idealism and artificial picture of rural life, the naturalness and innocence of which is seen in contrast with the corruption and artificiality of city and court. The pastoral is often seen as a nostalgic looking back at a lost paradise, a lost Eden, a lost Golden Age. However, Blake does something different with the pastoral. Firstly, he rejects the nostalgia of the ideal in order to show the real human condition. He does this by opposing pastoral ideal and urban reality both within the single states of Innocence and Experience and between the two states. (For example Introduction of Innocence, The Shepherd). Secondly, he radically redefines the relation of the pastoral to the city because the Songs as a volume could be said to take place in the city. Blake frames the obviously pastoral scenes within an urban setting in a way that breaks down the conventional city/ country dichotomy and his criticism is aimed at not merely social problems, but the source of these problems a limited way of seeing. Within Innocence, Blake takes us into the frame, or confinement of the pastoral space and explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. For example, in The Little Girl Lost of Innocence, the pastoral setting is that of a desert wild that becomes a garden mild. The reference is the biblical image in Isaiah 35 of an ideal mime in which the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. Lacy, the innocent child, lives In the southern clime/Where the summers prime/Never fades away (distinctly pastoral! ). She had wandered oleomargarine the wild birds song. Blake brings in a contrast between Locals trust and her parents fear (that she is lost and will come to harm). For Lacy, there is no cause for distress, except consideration of her mothers feelings (if my mother sleeplessly shall not weep). The other side of the conflict is the parents fear and concern: As far as they are concerned, there is nowhere safe; (Where can Lacy sleep? . Their concern becomes more and more self- centered, until it becomes emotional blackmail (oho can Lacy sleep,/elf her mother weep? ). A moral prescription is then introduced Lacy ought to be worried and we notice that this is Justified only by the mothers distress, not by any real danger. By meaner of the command, Then let Lacy wake, Blake shows how fear turns into tyranny. The parents fear of nature has made them unreasonable They command their daughter to be unhappy, simply because they are. Stanza 8 resolves the conflict as Locals surroundings become transformed the desert is bright. Locals positive perception dominates the rest of the poem The imperative, Let in the line, Let thy moon arise, underlines her opposition to her parents. The pivotal word, bright stands between Locals and her parents attitudes to nature (for the parents, it is a dark, unknown world of fear; for Lacy, it is safe and bright. ) The lion licks Locals bosom and the lioness Loosed her slender dress. The dress is a symbol of her parents upbringing, which Locals perception can cast off. .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .postImageUrl , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:hover , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:visited , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:active { border:0!important; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:active , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience EssayShe is naked, so shame is removed (a reference to Adam and Eves nakedness in the Garden of Eden). In the ext poem, The Little Girl Found, the lions masculinity, his mane, was what frightened the parents (soon his heavy man/Bore them to the ground). So, the poem conveys the need for sexual freedom, natural energy, sexual energy, feared by Locals parents. (In The Little Girl Found, the parents perception of the lion as fearful is transformed -then they followed/Where the vision led- by meaner of transforming their vision, their perspective, the parents fear disappears (nor fear the wolfish howl,/Nor the lions growl). Within the pastoral frame of the Garden of Eden, Blake explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. (In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, which Blake wrote between the two parts of the Songs, he stresses that mans instincts are not fallen (sinful from the moment of birth) and therefore to follow the instinctive desire for love and pleasure cannot be wrong: The soul of sweet delight can never be defiled. On the contrary, it is the thwarting of desire that leads to corruption and a warping of the personality: Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse enacted desires. The conventional goodness of Flakes time, therefore, is Just a passive failure o act out desire and is not something to be admired, unlike evil which is evidence of positive energy:. Good is the passive that obeys reason. Evil is the active springing from energy and Energy is eternal delight. So, in the volume of Songs of Innocence and Experience, the tensions, oppositions or conflicts are within the frames of a song, as well as between the two contrary worlds of Innocence and Experience. The Songs not only Juxtapose pastoral ideal with urban reality (echoing Greenwoods; Echoing Green/The Garden of Love), but within the single state of Innocence, pastoral images are Juxtaposed with a flawed urban society. The oppositions also exist within the single states of Innocence and Experience. The Songs of Innocence begins with a clearly pastoral Introduction followed by The Shepherd, The Echoing Green and, of course, The Lamb'(in Flakes final order of the Songs). These songs show pastoral harmony between humans and nature. However, we are led out of (or in and out of, depending on the order of Songs), pastoral and into a disturbing world of social difference and injustice through such lyrics as The Little Black Boy, The Chimney Sweeper'(l). Yet even these songs eave a pastoral element. Tom Decree, in The Chimney Sweeper, is identified with the lamb of pastoral and of innocence through his hair, That curled like a lambs back. The black boys mother describes his body as a shady grove that enables the soul to bear the beams of love, identifying the time on earth as a little space, akin to a pastoral retreat, rather than a time of preparation labor. The pastoral narratives in both poems seek to free the boys from the stigma of their blackness, but ironically that freedom, in the form of a pastoral paradise, is attainable only after death. In The Chimney Sweeper'(l), an angel opened the coffins and set them all free. /Then down a green plain leaping, laughing they run,/And wash in a river and shine in the sun. In The Little Black Boy, Gods voice will call: Come out from the grove my love and care,] And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice. Only in death will the white boy be taught to reject his ignorant racist views: And then Ill stand and stroke his silver hair/And be like him, and he will then love me. So, Blake uses the pastoral to attack social evils and injustice, but also exposes the limits and inadequacies of the pastoral ideal. He transcends the pastoral to show the limits of pastoral innocence; to criticism the human condition; and to show a new vision. He does this by rejecting the nostalgia of the ideal to show the real condition by opposing the pastoral ideal with urban reality. .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .postImageUrl , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:hover , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:visited , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:active { border:0!important; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:active , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Blakes Songs Of Innocence And Experience EssayThe dual presence of town and country, idealization and realism, celebration and regret provides the tension that is fundamental to the pastoral space. The pastorals critical function is based upon the writers handling of internal tensions between oppositions. Flakes objective in Songs of Innocence and Experience is to show the wow contrary states of the human soul. He shows that we create our worlds by meaner of our perception of it. (Milton: A mind is its own place, and in itself/Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven Paradise Lost). Our world is Innocent loving, meek and mild, delightful, protected, gentle if we perceive its creator as loving, caring and protective. But there are limits to this vision; we are vulnerable because we are ignorant of the dangers and threats that exist. The world of Experience is one that is dark, authoritative, oppressive, uncaring and repressive of enjoyment. We see ourselves imprisoned in this despair if we perceive its creator as oppressive, cruel, punitive and Judgmental and if we perceive ourselves as imprisoned in Original Sin. The two worlds opposed are those of childhood innocence and adult experience. He uses iconic pastoral images (piper and muse, shepherds, rural idyll, innocence of childhood, the Garden of Eden, gardens and greens, lambs, pathetic fallacy) and pastoral states (harmony, Joy, protection, care, love) and opposes these to urban images and states of adult authority and cruelty, state and church repression and authority, dishonest and destructive emotions. Blake sets up oppositions, in the frames of the poems (as artistic creations) between Innocence and Experience and within Innocence and Experience. Blake provides (in Songs of Innocence) pastoral images, but shows the limits of pastoral innocence. In Songs of Experience, he writes in anti-pastoral mode and uses pastoral images to show the destruction of innocence, as well as ways to regain innocence in a vision of a New World. Discussion of putting the complex into the simple: Approaches discussion of The Lamb and The Tiger, pages 91 101 Songs of Innocence and Experience can be regarded as anti-pastoral: Blake exposes he limitations of a comfortable image of pastoral innocence by 1) redefining the relationship between city and country (Russ in rube the country in the city); 2) he uses the pastoral as a frame to expose social injustice and human suffering; 3) he uses pastoral images to show true innocence, then subverts these, both in Innocence and Experience, to expose the dark world of adult authority and repression. Blake use pastoral, not to show the contrast between rural and urban, but to expose the injustices of the human condition. Blake was a poet of the city, of London, and his pastoral setting is in the greens, parks and gardens of London.

Free Essays on The Role Of Biology Vs. Social Construction In Gendered Behavior

In his article â€Å"Biological Limits of Gender Construction†. J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother’s womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts to show through this study that higher levels of androgen, in combination with the effects of socialization on these women, are in direct correlation. His stance is that the effect on women of their childhood gender socialization is constrained by the biological processes that produce â€Å"natural† behavior predispositions. The theoretical biological model he follows states that this exposure to androgens while in the womb (namely in the second trimester) masculinizes the individual’s reproductive organs and nervous system. Udry relies on evidence based on animal and human studies that conclude the effects of testosterone in the prenatal period are thought of as â€Å"organizational†; these effects, he states, are more or less permanent on the structure of the brain and therefore have great bearing on the person’s future behaviors. By highlighting evidence that in puberty, testosterone increases greatly in males and slightly in females, he brings up the point that the behavioral effects of this testosterone at puberty are thought to have an â€Å"activating† effect on prenatal structures of t he genitalia and nervous system. Udry quotes Kemper (1990) and his speculation that rises in the overall female testosterone levels are in response to the women’s movement, and may be a cause of the rising divorce rates in the U.S. around 1960. Udr... Free Essays on The Role Of Biology Vs. Social Construction In Gendered Behavior Free Essays on The Role Of Biology Vs. Social Construction In Gendered Behavior In his article â€Å"Biological Limits of Gender Construction†. J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother’s womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts to show through this study that higher levels of androgen, in combination with the effects of socialization on these women, are in direct correlation. His stance is that the effect on women of their childhood gender socialization is constrained by the biological processes that produce â€Å"natural† behavior predispositions. The theoretical biological model he follows states that this exposure to androgens while in the womb (namely in the second trimester) masculinizes the individual’s reproductive organs and nervous system. Udry relies on evidence based on animal and human studies that conclude the effects of testosterone in the prenatal period are thought of as â€Å"organizational†; these effects, he states, are more or less permanent on the structure of the brain and therefore have great bearing on the person’s future behaviors. By highlighting evidence that in puberty, testosterone increases greatly in males and slightly in females, he brings up the point that the behavioral effects of this testosterone at puberty are thought to have an â€Å"activating† effect on prenatal structures of t he genitalia and nervous system. Udry quotes Kemper (1990) and his speculation that rises in the overall female testosterone levels are in response to the women’s movement, and may be a cause of the rising divorce rates in the U.S. around 1960. Udr...

Chicago Bulls and DNA Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chicago Bulls and DNA Testing - Essay Example As the discussion outlines, a DNA test would have detected any anomalies in their systems and would have given the club’s medical team a head`s up and thus prevented these situations. It is crucial for professional athletes especially the ones whose families have a history of these diseases and complications to undergo a DNA test. Examples of such diseases include heart diseases, blood pressure complications, asthma and hypertension. If the symptoms are detected, the medical team can determine if the athlete should be allowed to play or not, it all depends on how the level of the threat posed by the discovered signs is handled. There are no clear laws that prohibit or disallow DNA testing although some players feel that the club asking for a DNA test is abusing its powers. The club and the affected individuals to decide on whether the test should be conducted. Clubs and professional sports associations conduct DNA tests for different reasons. Some clubs especially in Major Lea gue Baseball conduct these tests to insulate themselves from lawsuits and spending of millions of dollars on players` medical bills and lawsuits. In the recent past, sports prospects from the Dominican Republic often lie about their age to gain access in the United States where they are offered millions of dollars only to find out that the player lied about his age and name. Clubs also perform the tests to prevent any future situation that may arise from earlier detected complications and spare the fans from witnessing terrifying spectacles as players collapse while playing on the field. Some countries such as Australia have made strides that ensure predictive genetic information cannot be used to make decisions affecting employment and this law extends to professional sports.

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance Essay

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance - Essay Example There are some factors which effect the elasticity of supply one of which is the ease availability of resources (Boyes et al, 2008). Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of Good A with reference to price changes in Good B. Cross Elasticity is used to measure the degree of substitution between the two products i.e., how close the two goods are substitutes to each other. Again, if the Cross Elasticity Demand of Good A and B is elastic or of a greater value, the products would be close substitutes. A small change in the price of Good B would bring about greater changes in the demand for Good A and vice versa (Mushin, 2000). The formula for Calculating XED is: XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B = [(1750 – 1500)/1500] * 100 [(?11 - ?10)/10] * 100 =16.6% 10% = 0.6 If Sunsilk and Pantene a re taken into consideration, if the Price of Pantene changes by 10%, the demand for Sunsilk would change by more than 10%. This would give a comparatively higher value of XED and hence it can be deduced that Sunsilk and Pantene are close substitutes (Boyes et al, 2008; Mushin, 2000). Income Elasticity of demand is used to measure the nature of the product. If the demand of a product falls when people ‘s income rise, the product would be called an inferior good. In contrast, if the demand of a product rises with people’s income, the product would be called a normal good and vice versa, if the demand of a product falls when people’s income decrease, the product would be called a superior good (Boyes et al, 2008). The formula to calculate this is as follows: YED... Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance The method of calculation is the same as other elasticity of demand. Only the Price section has to be replaced with changes income, which would be [(New income – the Old income)/Old income] * 100. In order to maximize the revenues, firms must have the knowledge about the Income and Price Elasticity of their product. This is because when would plan to raise or reduce their prices to leverage their revenues, this might not prove to be fruitful it unless it is done strategically. If the demand for a product is price elastic, a rise in price would drive the consumers away as the demand would be more responsive to price changes and the consumers are bound to switch to cheaper substitutes. Secondly, if the prices are decreased and if the demand is price inelastic, the firm’s revenue would fall as there would be little reaction from the consumers. If high prices are set for price elastic goods, and low prices are set for price inelastic goods, the revenues would fall. Therefore firms need to know the products’ price elasticity so that it can accurately price its products in order to maximize its revenues. On the other hand, pricing strategies have to be set in accordance with the product’s Income elasticity of demand. If a rise in mass market’s income leads to a fall in demand, the product would have to be repositioned as a superior good pertaining to the profitability and would have to high priced for revenues to rise.

World Peace and Prayer Day Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Peace and Prayer Day - Research Paper Example ent time crisis were over consumption, population growth, pollution and natural resource depletion have damaged the life-sustaining capabilities of our Earth. Nuclear, biological and chemical technologies are wiping out humanity and making the planet unable to self-sustain (Susie, 2013). We have a short time to cherish the earth and thus the message by the White Buffalo of global harmony, peace and unity should be sent worldwide. In the year 1985, the message of justice was addressed to the world’s people while inviting them for a new social order consideration. The greatest process of world peace and the foundational elements are addressed within â€Å"The Promise of World Peace†, a document drafted by the â€Å"Universal Church House of Justice†. World peace is a tool for peace, happiness and freedom among all the nations and people of the world. All nations should cooperate voluntarily or under a governance system, thus preventing warfare. The term often refers to absence of hostility among all humanity. It crosses boundaries through technology, medicine, diplomats, engineering and human rights, and in this way, it aids in addressing most of the world’s problems such as climate change, desertification and global warming that has to be addressed through a peaceful global consensus (Susie, 2013). Ancient prophecies have predicted the time when overconsumption, pollution, natural resource depletion and population growth is damaging the life-sustaining capabilities of the Earth. The personal commitment of the Chief Looking horse as a keeper in the sacred bundle is assisting in the fulfillment of the Mending Hoop of Nations. Besides working with his community, he also conducted meetings with the spiritual and global leaders worldwide in addition to offering prayers and speaking at environmental symposiums and universities. The mission of the Chief Looking horse with the Prayer and World Peace Day has made tremendous contributions to the progress of World Peace

Variations of Tracheal Cartilages

Variations of Tracheal Cartilages The trachea, located in the superior mediastinum, is the proximal part of the tracheobronchial tree (Anne M Gilory 2012). It is approximately 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter; courses inferiorly anterior to esophagus and posterior to aortic arch (John T Hansen et al. 2005). The trachea extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage opposite C6 vertebra up to the upper border of T5 vertebra where it ends by dividing into right and left principal bronchi supplying the right and left lungs respectively (S Nandi,2005). It is a passageway for air between the lungs and the external environment (Anne M Gilory 2012). Anatomical variations occur throughout the human body, and it refers to a structure that is contrasting to the ‘common. There are many variation found in trachea but some common variation are width and dimension of trachea between men and women, variation in size of complete tracheal ring and variation in diameter of the trachea. The aim of this report is to di scuss anatomical variation of trachea and its clinical impact on human. Complete tracheal rings are a rare congenital deformity, which occurs in the hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea and results in a narrowing of the tracheal opening. A normal tracheal ring consists of the cartilage in a â€Å"C† shape and a softer posterior membrane made of muscle to complete the ring, in a complete tracheal ring however, the cartilage is what makes up the entire ring thereby forming a narrower â€Å"O† shape. Complete tracheal ring sufferers can present various symptoms including noisy breathing, recurring pneumonias, wheezing, retractions, wet sounding biphasic noise, cyanosis, apnoea, and chest congestion (Kay 2014). Proper diagnosis and characterisation of complete tracheal rings requires patients to undergo a microlaryngoscopy as well as a bronchoscopy, these tests allow physicians to understand the degree and length of the narrowing of the trachea. Treatment of complete tracheal rings can be determined after diagnosis and is dependent on the con dition of the patient and the severity of the narrowing of the trachea. In over 80 per cent of complete tracheal ring cases, surgery in the form of tracheal resection or slide tracheoplasty is required (Sahoo, Karnak, Gildea and Mehta. 2007). Milder forms of complete tracheal rings can be monitored through regular doctor visits and may not require any surgical intervention at all. The width and dimensions of the trachea are the most common variations found in males and females. A recent study (Jay et al. 1996, pp. 861-864) presented research data, which showed that the width of the trachea is wider in males than females. The study among 38 men and 32 women aged between (13-82 years) showed that average tracheal width for men was 20.9mm  ± 0.32 (SD) mm and 16.9 mm  ± 0.25 (SD) mm for women (Jay et al. 1996, pp 861-864). This study also stated that there was no statistically significant relationship between tracheal size and age, weight and height but there is a significant difference in gender and can only be seen until late adolescence (Ringgold Charles 1986, pp 251). The tracheal width for men was significantly wider than women by (P value The trachea is a vital part of the respiratory system and a normal adult trachea is 120mm long and 25mm in diameter (Saladin 2007). Variations in the diameter of the trachea can cause respiratory problems but also problems during procedures such as transplantation, stenting, intubation and endoscopic (Randestand,Lindholm Fabian 2000). It has been found that the size of the cricoid ring can range from 11mm-24mm depending on the sex of the person (Montner, Miller Calboun 1984). Although height, weight and age affect the rate of flow through the trachea, these factors have no correlation to the diameter of the trachea. As mentioned above, the rate of flow through the trachea is affected by the diameter as it has the smallest cross sectional area with the greatest resistance influencing the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (Montner, Miller Calboun 1984). Through the experiments done by Montner, Miller Calboun (1984) it was found that variation in diameter to the 3rd tracheal ring cau sed the largest variation to the PEFR. The trachea is often used to assist in the operation however; there are not many surgeries that reduce the size of the trachea, as there always will be slight variances between different people. The variation of tracheal and tracheal cartilage is extremely important to understand because it may help the clinicians to understand the etiology of various pulmonary diseases (Nepal med Coll J 2010). It is essential to understand variation in length, width and diameter of trachea by clinicians during transplantation of larynx because helps surgeons to deal with resection and reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree (Randestad et al 2000). The accurate an anatomical knowledge of variation in size, shape and position of tracheal structure is important when incubation, stenting, endoscopy and transplantation are to be performed (Randestad et al 2000). It also helps medical students to study pulmonary physiology, anesthesiology and while carryout endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy procedures with skill and perfection (Nepal med Coll J 2010). Therefore in conclusion, like many other structures within the human body tracheal cartilages have anatomical variations. Investigating the variations it was found, there were common and asymptomatic differences of the tracheal rings like the rings sizes and the differences between men and women’s trachea rings. In addition there were more complex variations like complete tracheal rings that, while not necessarily fatal, it still required proper diagnosis to understand the degree of variation. REFERENCES Acosta AC, Albanese CT, Farmer DL, Sydorak R, Danzer E, Harrison MR, Tracheal stenosis: the long and short of it. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:1612-1616 Backer CL, Mavroudis C. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. 3rd edition. St Louis, Mosby Year book; 2003 Chunder R, Nadi S, Guha R, Satyanarayana N (2010), A Morphometric study of human trachea and principle bronchi in different age group in both sex and its implications. Nepal med coll J 2010. PubMed-NCBI 2014, Accessed at 8 April. Elliot M, Roebuck D, Noctor C, et al. The management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 67; 183-192 Kay, DJ 2014, ‘Congenital Malformations of the Trachea’, Drugs, Diseases and Procedures, vol. 12, p.p 43-47 Kay DJ, Goldsmith AJ. Congenital malformations, trachea. www.emedicine.com/ent/topic325.htm :2006 Martini, F.H, Ober, W.C, Nath, J.L, Bartholomew, E.F, Garrison, R.N, Weich, K 2011, Visual anatomy physiology, San Francisco, CA. Montner, P, Miller, A, Calboun, F 1984, ‘Tracheal diameter as a predictor of pulmonary function’, vol. 162, no. 1, pp.115-121, viewed 4th April 2014, Springer, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02715637#page-1> NT Griscom and ME Wohl (1986). Dimensions of the growing trachea related to age and gender, p.p 233-337), American Journal of Roentgenology. Randestad, Ã…, Lindholm, C.-E., Fabian, P 2000, Dimensions of the Cricoid Cartilage and the Trachea, The Laryngoscope, vol. 110, no. 11, pp. 1957-1961, viewed 4th April 2014, doi:10.1097/00005537-200011000-00036 Sahoo, DH, Karnak, D, Gildea, TR, Mehta, AC 2007, ‘Complete Tracheal Ring’ Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 77, p.p 96 Saladin, KS 2007, Anatomy of physiology: the unity of form and function, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York, America.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings :: essays research papers

# Quote Reaction 1 pg. 8 Chap. 1: "The sounds of the new morning had been replaced with grumbles about cheating houses, weighted scales, snakes, skimpy cotton and dusty rows. In later years I was to confront the stereotyped picture of gay song-singing cotton pickers with such an inordinate rage that I was told even by fellow blacks that my paranoia was embarrassing. But I had seen the fingers cut by the mean little cotton boils, and I had witnessed the backs and shoulders and arm and legs resisting any further demands." The importance of this quote is really integral to the rest of the book. To be able to criticize something you should have experienced it. This passage shows that Maya has experienced the non-privilege of being a Negro during the thirties, and experienced it at a young age. Maya wrote that she later confronted the stereotype, She had a right to because of her previous position. 2 pg.14 chap. 2 "Bailey and I decided to memorize a scene from The Merchant of Venice , but realized that Momma would question us about the author and that we'd have to tell her that Shakespeare was white, And it wouldn't matter to her whether or not he was dead. So we chose 'The Creation' by James Weldon Johnson " This excerpt is crucial because it puts yet another facet on segregation. Really the blacks and whites were both afraid of each other equally. The only difference was that the whitefolks were in a position to act on those fears. 3 pg.25 chap 4. "In Stamps the segregation was so complete that most Black children didn't really, absolutely know what whites looked like. Other than they were different, to be dreaded, and in that dread was included the hostility of the powerless against the powerful, the poor against the rich, The worker against the worked for, and the ragged against the well dressed. I remember never believing that whites were really real." The first line really does a good job of summing up the situation in Stamps but the key section of this quotation is the very last line. "I remember never believing that whites were really real." This statement really makes the whole situation clear in that it really brings home how someone can think that an entire race of people don't exist. 4 pg.48 chap 7 "The judge asked that Mrs. Henderson be subpoenaed, and when Momma arrived and said that she was Mrs.

Hebrew Pentecostals Essay

The movement known as the Hebrew Pentecostals started in 1914 by Bishop R.A.R. Johnson, a former Methodist minister, in Beaufort South Carolina. Bishop Johnson, dissatisfied with the Methodist church and its lack of positive support for the Pentecostal experience which included tongues, the indwelling of the holy spirit, and the observance of the original seventh day Sabbath, left the Methodist church to form what was called the â€Å" Commandment Keepers†. Through Bishop Johnson’s travelling ministry both nationally and internationally the church experienced rapid growth and quickly developed congregations on three continents. The group has been in existence and growing ever since then. Bishop Johnson was succeeded by Bishop Aaron Smith, first Chief Apostle, who led the church from 1941 to 1049, followed by Bishop S.P. Rawlings, second Chief Apostle, who headed the church from 1950 to 1990. Under Bishop S.P. Rawlings the church saw significant changes including the adoption of the Jewish festival days, and the acceptance of an identity as â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostal†. Hebrew Pentecostals do not consider themselves a Christian group or a Jewish group; they associate themselves with both early Christianity and the faith of the early Hebrews. Bishop Rawlings felt that the churches observance of the Jewish law and the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the Messiah separated the organization from traditional Christian and Jewish theological positions. The term â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostal† provides a unique identifier which embodies the marriage of Judaism and Christianity. Bishop S.P. Rawlings was succeeded by Bishop F.C. Scott, third Chief Apostle, who led the church from 1991 to 2005. Bishop Scott dedicated the current national Temple and oversaw paying it off. International presence increased greatly under his leadership and technological advancements were made in the church. Powers of the executive boards were refined and polices were updated. The honorable Bishop James E. Embry is the current Chief Apostle of the church and has been in office since 2005. Hebrew Pentecostalism is a religious philosophy derived from the inclusion of all divine concepts expressed in both the old and new Testaments of the Bible. The writings of the Old and New Testaments form the basis for both Judaism and Christianity, they also sharply delineate respective perceptions regarding the manner in which man is required to recognize and worship God. For example, Judaism rejects the validity and applicability of the New Testament writings while Christianity does the same for much of the Old Testament. It appears therefore that a merging of these two desperate positions would be tantamount to mixing water and oil however, that is exactly what Hebrew Pentecostalism does. The word â€Å"Hebrew† was used in Bible history by foreign peoples as a name for the Israelites; today it is applied only to the Hebrew language. Since the basic tents of the Hebrew Pentecostalism extracts its legitimacy from the original concepts of the Bible, it follows that the original reference to Gods chosen people is retained in the denominational identification. Membership is claimed, in the Hebrew family, by linkage provided by the Apostle Paul in Gal 3:29 And if ye be Christ’s, then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise. Pentecostalism has its basic roots in familiar religious concepts. Its beginning can be traced to Acts 2:1-6, where the promise of the Holy Ghost was fulfilled in the upper room. The recognition of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit survived through centuries, but grew in the United States when speaking in tongues was evidenced in the southern Appalachians(1896). However, Bishop S.P. Rawlings of the House of God fathered the concept of â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostalism† at the 58th Convocation in 1977, after recognizing the The House of God was the only known church that embraced the total Bible as current day truth. They follow certain commandments in the Old Testament, such as dietary laws, the three pilgrimage festivals and the Sabbath. Their devotional services follow the Hebrew tradition rather than the Christian. They observe the Sabbath, it being an element in Creation since God himself rested on the seventh day and Adam rested with Him. They believe the Sabbath was made for man, but the Jewish people are the carriers of it. By observing the Sabbath, they are following the practices made for man. They have a systematic way of dealing with issues that come up within their organization and there is a definite hierarchy. They have a spiritual leader over the entire movement, called the Chief Apostle. Currently, the Chief Apostle is Bishop James E. Embry Jr. Under him, there is a board of Apostles, Elders, Pastors, and Evangelists. If there is a decision concerning matters of the Scripture, it comes down from the board of Apostles to the Pastors and to the local congregation. There are the male-only offices: Bishops, Vicar Bishops, Elders, and Deacons. Then the male-female offices: Pastors, Evangelists and Ministers. Then the female-only offices: Elect Lady, Mothers, Missionaries. The role of women is very open in the Hebrew Pentecostal church. There are women Pastors, women who carry out the Sacraments, such as marriage, burying the dead, and rites of Passover. They have no problems with the feminist movement as a whole, but there are some individual disagreements. Basically, as long as the feminist movement does not contradict the word of God, then they accept it. Since the feminist movement advocates abortion it cannot be supported by the church in that area. Their Sacraments are not similar to the Christian Sacraments. They have incorporated the rites of Passover into them. Passover is not a Sacrament in the Christian tradition. This reflects how they incorporate the Hebrew tradition into the Christian idea. The titles of many aspects of their religion have Christian names and some Hebrew themes although they do not exactly call themselves Christians. One common theme in their beliefs is the desire to go back to the root of the religion, rather than follow what history has made it to be. Hebrew Pentecostals are similar to Messianic Jews. However, Hebrew Pentecostals differ from Messianic Judaism in the respect that they started from different places. Messianic Judaism came from a Jewish background to accept the concept of Jesus as the son of God, whereas the Hebrew Pentecostal group came from a Christian background to embrace the Old Testament traditions. They are on the same understanding of the scriptures and identify with them closely. The primary doctrine of Hebrew Pentecostals is contained in twenty four principles developed by Bishop R.A.R. Johnson. Although there are other doctrinal issues that fall outside of these principles, â€Å"The Twenty Four Principles† represents the foundation of the church doctrine. They are as follows: It is important to look at how they approach change since much of their tradition is based on keeping things as they were originally. It is very interesting that if Hebrew Pentecostals find there is something the word of God teaches that they have not been aware of they are open to change. The way they approach change is through question that come up in the national meeting. Anyone can write to the board of apostles with questions and their answers are discussed. A doctoral change may or may not come out of it. Ideas for change can come from the congregation members themselves. The actual mandate of the change is given by the board of Apostles. It seems that the majority of the movement is based on going back to the basics and keeping things the way they were in the beginning and the acceptance of change seems to go against that framework. In the past 40 years Hebrew Pentecostals have increased 1000%. They grow through the merging of churches and through proselytizing. They do not actively proselytize, but when people hear of them, they explain what they are about and people join. http://excitingjudaism.com/docs/Sutton.doc http://netministries.org http://houseofgod.org

Explanatory Style and Depression

Explanatory Style and Depression In studying the research on explanatory style and depression, I found some ideas that could help schools develop programs to reduce the "pessimistic explanatory style" in children. Scientists who have studied the effects of thoughts and feelings have discovered that these hopeless and pessimistic thoughts bring on anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression is our children's worst nightmare, they can become withdrawn, their grades can drop and they could even have thoughts of suicide. Since children spend over half the day in schools, the schools need to become aware of the physiological needs of the children along with the academic needs.What is explanatory style? It is the automatic and natural way you explain events. Three different qualities can determine if you are optimistic or pessimistic. Permanence is the belief that bad events are long lasting for pessimistic, but optimists resist this belief and see bad events as only temporary setbacks.Children!Pervasiveness is the bel ief that failure in one area affects other areas of life also, in contrast to optimistic, which believe failure as being specific to one situation rather than over the entire life. Personalization is the belief that bad events are one's own fault rather than due to circumstances, this makes them feel hopeless, unlike the optimistic believes that failures are not their own fault but rather due to circumstances. We have to learn a new way of thinking to change our explanatory style.We cannot go though a whole day with out some kind of set back, so we need to teach our children how to handle these setbacks. Children learn from observation, therefore, schools need to come up with a program that lets kids participate in different situations. Such as, a class that teaches teamwork and problem solving. The students could have a different...

A Patient essays

A Patient essays A patient, lethally ill or in very bad pain, does not have the right to commit suicide or die by help of a physician. This, of course, is my opinion and I believe that you should always try to keep them alive as long as possible. If you are suffering and are lethally ill, then that is the way that God has it planned out for you. I dont think that anyone has the right to take his or her own life or take the life of someone else. In this country, taking the life of someone else is a major felony and could result in the death penalty. On the other hand, committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide isnt a crime by any means. In an unusual way, this could contradict itself. Can you really put ownership on life? Do we control our own destiny? Why is it that attempting to commit suicide is completely fine but someone depriving someone else of life will most likely result in the rest of his or her life in a cell? We are losing a life either way so what difference does it make? Ask yourself this is it really our life to take in the first place? Do we own it? Everyone has heard about the mass suicide cults that used to thrive in the 70s and 80s. Was the leader of the cult a criminal? If so, why? He didnt kill any of them; they ended their own lives. He may have mislead them and lied to There is only one state in the entire United States where it is legal for a physician to give a patient lethal medicine if they have a deadly disease and are in severe pain. That state is Oregon. This is only done under very tight conditions. This issue is not specifically mentioned in the laws of Utah, North Carolina, and Wyoming. Conversely, it is a criminal act in every other state. Physician assisted suicide or PAS is a big issue in the medicine world these days. ...

Exxon Mobil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exxon Mobil - Essay Example 43). 3) The weighted average rate of interest at which Exxon Mobil Corporation procured their long term debt during the financial year ended 31st December 2013 was seen to be 3.3%. This is also the general lending rate of banks in the U.S to commercial organizations (p. 42). 4) The current yield on 31st December 2013 was lower than the yield on 31st December 2012. The decrease in the current yield rate was primarily due to a rise in the coupon rate. This implies that the binds were being traded at a discount (p. 40). 3) The value of common stock held in treasury amounted to a value of 212,781 million dollars. The average cost per share was approximately $150.56 and number of stock held in the treasury amounted to 2.5 million (p. 40, 42). 5) The company is seen to provide a number of employee stock option plans so as to induce savings and thereby enlarge their pool of investments. However there are no obligations imposed on the employees to invest in the company’s shares and therefore no deductions in this respect are made from their monthly payments. Employees who participate in the stock option are provided with a number of benefits such as higher medical reimbursements and travel allowances than employees who do not participate in the stock option (Harrington, 2003, Exxon Mobil, 2013). 1) The fair value of the investments of Exxon stood at 36,328 million dollars at the end of the year (p. 42). These investments were made in the form of stocks majorly. A considerable portion of the investments also consists of long term receivables granted to debtors. These were treated as investments by the company. Advances of long term maturity were also treated by the company as investments. 3) The net income per share in the year 2012 was seen to be $9.70. This had considerably fallen in the year 2013 to reach $7.37 (p. 41). A probable cause of the decline in net income per share was repurchasing

Organizational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Communication - Essay Example About Toyota Motors Inc Toyota Motors Inc. is one of the top-selling automobile manufacturing companies in the United States providing breakthrough products that cater to a wide range of consumers, and promoting quality, dependability and reliability for over fifty years (Toyota Inc., 2013). A significant proportion of the company's success can be attributed to its almost flawless communication strategies. The company has successfully managed to communicate its visions and ideas concerning its environmental approach, its emphasis on recycling, and providing top quality products to its customers. The effectiveness of the communication strategies adopted by the company is apparent from the unprecedented success of its green environmentally friendly products such as the Prius, which managed to become a revolutionary product idea and a leader in the automobile industry. For the purpose of this study, the concept of organizational communication will be probed with respect to the following management theories: Classical Scientific Management, Human Resources, Systems and Contingency, and Culture with reference to Toyota Inc. Theoretical analysis: Classical Scientific Management: The classical theories of management primarily focus on establishing the most effective job performance functions. The key aim of scientific management is to ensure enhanced job efficiency by developing technical skills, implementing strict rules for compliance, and effectively managing the organizational structure. The Scientific management theory also alternatively referred to as Taylorism, was pioneered by Fredrick Winslow Taylor, for scientifically analyzing jobs and redesigning them in order to improve their efficiency (Daft, 2009). The key elements of this theory include (Lussier, 2011: 40): Development of a systematic procedure that entailed a detailed description of each specific job assigned to the workers Promote job specialization Implement scientific methods of training and develo pment across the organization to improve worker efficiency Establish a systematic work schedule Introduce standardized methods and times for accomplishing each task Offer piece rates and bonuses to employees as positive incentives to encourage improved performance. The production management system employed by Japanese firms such Toyota, for instance, which introduced the just-in-time systems, can be classified as scientific management method. Since this system was introduced by engineers it is most aptly effective in manufacturing industries (Besser, 1996; Price, 2011). The large scale production processes implemented by Toyota were highly scientific in approach and focused on detailed planning. Key emphasis was given on division of labor, effective allocation of jobs, and introducing innovative techniques to enhance worker coordination to minimize the risk of errors and avoid wastage. Such scientific management approach adopted by Toyota ultimately helped the company in catapulting to instant fame, making them the industry leaders in automobile manufacturing, customer service, and product innovation. The key