Amputations During the Civil War

Amputations became widespread during the Civil War  and the removal of a limb was the most common surgical procedure in battlefield hospitals. Its often assumed that amputations were performed so often  because surgeons at the time were unskilled and simply resorted to procedures bordering on butchery. Yet most Civil War surgeons were fairly well-trained, and the medical books of the era detail precisely how amputations could be performed and when it was appropriate. So its not as if the surgeons were removing limbs out of ignorance. Surgeons had to resort to such a drastic measure because a new type of bullet came into widespread use in the war. In many cases, the only way to try to save a wounded soldiers life was to amputate a shattered limb. The poet Walt Whitman, who had been working as a journalist in New York City, traveled from his home in Brooklyn to the battlefront in Virginia in December 1862, following the Battle of Fredericksburg. He was shocked by a gruesome sight he recorded in his diary: â€Å"Spent a good part of the day in a large brick mansion on the banks of the Rappahannock, used as a hospital since the battle – seems to have received only the worst cases. Outdoors, at the foot of a tree, I notice a heap of amputated feet, legs, arms, hands, c., a full load for a one-horse cart.† What Whitman saw in Virginia was a common sight at Civil War hospitals. If a soldier had been struck in the arm or leg, the bullet tended to shatter the bone, creating horrendous wounds. The wounds were certain to become infected, and often the only way to save the patients life was to amputate the limb. Destructive New Technology: The Minià © Ball In the 1840s an officer in the French Army, Claude-Etienne Minià ©, invented a new bullet. It was different than the traditional round musket ball as it had a conical shape. Minià ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s new bullet had a hollow base at the bottom, which would be forced to expand by gases released by the igniting gunpowder when the rifle was fired. While expanding, the lead bullet fit snugly into the rifled grooves in the gun’s barrel, and would thus be much more accurate than earlier musket balls. The bullet would be rotating when it came from the barrel of the rifle, and the spinning action gave it increased accuracy. The new bullet, which was commonly called the Minià © ball by the time of the Civil War, was extremely destructive. The version which was commonly used throughout the Civil War was cast in lead and was .58 caliber, which was larger than most bullets used today. The Minià © Ball Was Feared When the Minià © ball struck a human body, it did enormous damage. Doctors treating wounded soldiers were often perplexed by the damage caused. A medical textbook published a decade after the Civil War, A System of Surgery by William Todd Helmuth, went into considerable detail describing the effects of Minià © balls: The effects are truly terrible; bones are ground almost to powder, muscles, ligaments, and tendons torn away, and the parts otherwise so mutilated, that loss of life, certainly of limb, is almost an inevitable consequence. None but those who have had occasion to witness the effects produced upon the body by these missiles, projected from the appropriate gun, can have any idea of the horrible laceration that ensues. The wound is often from four to eight times as large as the diameter of the base of the ball, and the laceration so terrible that mortification [gangrene] almost inevitably results. Civil War Surgery Was Performed Under Crude Conditions Civil War amputations were performed with medical knives and saws, on operating tables which were often simply wooden planks or doors which had been taken off their hinges. And while the operations may seem crude by today’s standards, the surgeons tended to follow accepted procedures spelled out in the medical textbooks of the day. Surgeons generally used anesthesia, which would be applied by holding a sponge soaked in chloroform over the patient’s face. Many soldiers who underwent amputations did eventually die due to infections. Doctors at the time had little understanding of bacteria and how it is transmitted. The same surgical tools might be used on many patients without being cleaned. And the improvised hospitals were commonly set up in barns or stables. There are numerous stories of wounded Civil War soldiers begging doctors not to amputate arms or legs. As doctors had a reputation for being quick to resort to amputation, soldiers often referred to the Army surgeons as butchers. In fairness to the doctors, when they were dealing with dozens or even hundreds of patients, and when faced with the gruesome damage of the Minià © ball, amputation often seemed like the only practical option.

Perspectives of the Beast - 820 Words

Perspectives of the Beast In Herman Melville’s Moby Dick and Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea we are introduced to two individuals who share different opinions on nature and the marvelous creatures that make up the world around them. In this paper, I will explore the differences between Captain Ahab and Santiago. In Moby Dick, we are introduced to Captain Ahab and his personal quest to avenge the personal loss he suffered at the jaws of what he considered to â€Å"evil† while Ishmael recounts â€Å" Ahab did not fall down and worship it like them; but deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred white whale, he pitted himself, all mutilated, against it. All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the lees of things;†¦show more content†¦Only Ishmael is left to tell the tale in the end. Unlike Captain Ahab, Santiago in Hemingway’s novel shows deep compassion and respect for his prey despite the fact that he intends to kill the Marlin as he says â€Å"Fish, I love you and respect you very much but I will kill you dead before this day ends† (Hemingway pg 54.) It is passages like this which allows the reader to tell the differences between the two characters in that while one is obsessed with the destruction of his foe, the other embraces the very creature he intends to kill. Perhaps the biggest difference between Ahab and Santiago is when locked in confrontation with their intended targets as Ahab is stubborn to the end leading to his demise, while Santiago is willing to accept nature defending itself as shown in this passage â€Å"you are killing me, fish, but you have the right to. Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother. Come on and kill me. I do not care who kills who† (Hemingway pg 92.) 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ABCDEFG Algorithm Look A Airway Free Essays

Text Version- ABCDEFG Algorithm Look A Airway B Breathing C Circulation For any signs of airway obstruction For evidence of mouth/neck/swelling/haematoma For security of artificial airway Look At the chest wall movement, to see if it is normal and symmetrical To see if the patient is using their neck and shoulder muscles to breathe (accessory muscles) At the patient to measure to measure their respiratory rate Look At the skin colour for pallor and peripheral cyanosis At the capillary refill time At the patient’s central venous pressure and jugular venous pressure Look At the level of consciousness For facial symmetry, abnormal movements, seizure activity or absent limb movements At pupil size, equality and reaction to light Listen For noisy breathing e. g. gurgling, snoring or stridor Feel For the presence of air movement For security of artificial airway Feel For the position of the trachea to see if it is central For surgical emphysema or crepitus If the patient is diaphoretic (Sweaty) Listen To the patient talking to see if they can complete f ull sentences For noisy breathing e. We will write a custom essay sample on ABCDEFG Algorithm Look A Airway or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. stridor, wheezing Listen To the patient for complaints of dizziness and headaches For patient’s blood pressure and heart sounds Feel Your patient’s hands and feet to see if they are warm or cold Your patient’s peripheral pulses for presence, rate, quality, regularity and equality. Feel For patient’s response to external stimuli For muscle power and strength D Disability Listen To patient’s response to external stimuli and pain For slurred speech For patient’s orientation to person, place and time. E F Exposure Fluids G Glucose Give oxygen Position your patient Call for help if you can’t manage Never leave a deteriorating patient without a priority management and review plan Look Listen Feel For any bleeding e. g. nvestigate wounds and drains For air leaks in drains The patients abdomen that may be hidden by bed clothes For bowel sounds Look Listen Feel At the observation and fluid charts, noting the fluid For patient’s complaints of thirst The sk in turgor input and output At losses from all drains and tubes At the amount and colour of the patient’s urine and urinalysis results Look Listen Feel At blood glucose levels For patient’s complaints of thirst If the patient is diaphoretic, (sweaty, cold or clammy) For signs of low glucose, including confusion and For patient’s orientation to person, place and time decreased conscious state At medication chart for insulin and oral hypoglycaemics Based on your assessment (above) decide an appropriate oxygen flow rate or percentage. If in doubt commence on 4L/min on a Hudson mask and increase as indicated by oxygen saturation or patient condition. Position your patient to optimise their breathing-usually this is as upright position as possible and as tolerated by the patient. Place the patient in the left lateral position if they are unconscious but have adequate breathing and circulation and where there is no evidence of spinal injury Establish IV If not present, +/- fluids Document and communicate clearly all treatment provided, outcomes of treatment implemented what care is still required The plan should include expected outcomes and when the patient will be reviewed again. How to cite ABCDEFG Algorithm Look A Airway, Papers

Gender Communication in the Wo Essay Example For Students

Gender Communication in the Wo Essay By: Ann Culver Communication between males and females has always been somewhat complicated. Because we are arguing that males and females have different cultures we wanted to take a look at what some of these differences might be. According to our research the inherent differences between male and female culture are the different roles that society holds for them and the ways these roles lead to different communication styles. The stereotypes that men and women grow up with affect the types of ways in which they communicate. We first wanted to take a look at how they specifically differ while men and women are arguing or having normal conversations. We also looked at the different types of networks that men and women share. These networks also differ and as do the reasonings for their formation. Although we do not think that men and women need to change their cultures to effectively communicate, we do think that better communication is possible. One of the researchers we took a look at was Deborah Tannen. According to Tannen the reason that men and women do not communicate well is that men and women use language differently. Women take the attitude that conversation is to explore solutions to common problems while men concern themselves more with getting information and hard data from conversation. Tannen states that what women look for in communication is human connection, while men consider status to be most important. They are looking for independence and are constantly looking for higher accomplishments. Intimacy threatens this independence, so men have a tendency to avoid it. One of the old sayings about women is that they talk more than men. It turns out that it is not necessarily true. Women seem to talk more in private conversations than do men. Women do not generally have a fear of intimacy and therefore are much more open with one another during private conversations. It is more difficult for women to use this type of communication style in the public arena. In that case it is men that do most of the talking. Tannen ultimately argues that men use communication as a weapon. They use long explanations to command attention from who it is they are speaking to. They use it to convey information and to ultimately gain agreement. Tannen suggests that through even simple conversation men are continually protecting their status. She suggests the reason that women dominate private conversation is that once men get home they do not feel the need to continue to protect their status so they remain quiet. This causes women to become more vocal. Tannen suggests that status affects many different ways in which men communicate and raises several different examples. One area she found was that men tell more stories and jokes than women. She suggests that they are not doing this to be funny but instead do it to again to negotiate status. They often tell stories in which they are the heroes and act alone to overcome obstacles. While women use storytelling to gain support from her personal networks. They use their stories that, if they are the subject of, contain her doing something foolish to put her at the same level as the listener. In this way women are not concerned with status as with relating and gaining support. Men and women also differ when they are listening. While women tend to use eye contact and head nods to let the speaker know that she is listening. Men often do not use these techniques because they suggest agreement with the speaker. Women also a technique which Tannen calls cooperative overlap. .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd , .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .postImageUrl , .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd , .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:hover , .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:visited , .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:active { border:0!important; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:active , .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3fa817a1a835b633988afd05f0d5acd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jackie robinson 4 Essay This happens sometimes when women start to speak before the other person finishers speaking. They usually do this to agree and show support for what the speaker is saying. Women see cooperative overlap as a way to continue the conversation while men see it as a competitive ploy to gain control of that conversation. In this way communication again is not made clear, men are annoyed because they believe that the women are trying to dominate the conversation while women are annoyed because men will frequently try to change the subject. One of

William Blakes Songs of Innocence Essay Example For Students

William Blakes Songs of Innocence Essay Flakes use of the pastoral in Songs of Innocence and Experience Put simply, Flakes Songs of Innocence and Experience Juxtapose the innocent pastoral world of childhood against an adult world of corruption and repression. The collection as a whole, by meaner of paired poems in Innocence and Experience (The Lamb, The Tiger; The Echoing Green, The Garden of Love/London; The Nurses Song (l and E); Introduction (l and E); The Chimney sweeper (l and E), etc) explores the value and limitations of two different perspectives of the world. The same situation or problem is seen through the eyes or perspective of Innocence first, then Experience. We will write a custom essay on William Blakes Songs of Innocence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Blake stands outside Innocence and Experience, in a distanced position from which he recognizes and attempts to correct the fallacies of both perspectives. He uses the pastoral, in many songs, to attack oppressive and destructive authority (Church, King, parents, adult figures), restrictive morality, sexual repression, established religion the Established Church, social inequality, militarism. The pastoral is a literary style that presents an idealism and artificial picture of rural life, the naturalness and innocence of which is seen in contrast with the corruption and artificiality of city and court. The pastoral is often seen as a nostalgic looking back at a lost paradise, a lost Eden, a lost Golden Age. However, Blake does something different with the pastoral. Firstly, he rejects the nostalgia of the ideal in order to show the real human condition. He does this by opposing pastoral ideal and urban reality both within the single states of Innocence and Experience and between the two states. (For example Introduction of Innocence, The Shepherd). Secondly, he radically redefines the relation of the pastoral to the city because the Songs as a volume could be said to take place in the city. Blake frames the obviously pastoral scenes within an urban setting in a way that breaks down the conventional city/ country dichotomy and his criticism is aimed at not merely social problems, but the source of these problems a limited way of seeing. Within Innocence, Blake takes us into the frame, or confinement of the pastoral space and explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. For example, in The Little Girl Lost of Innocence, the pastoral setting is that of a desert wild that becomes a garden mild. The reference is the biblical image in Isaiah 35 of an ideal mime in which the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. Lacy, the innocent child, lives In the southern clime/Where the summers prime/Never fades away (distinctly pastoral! ). She had wandered oleomargarine the wild birds song. Blake brings in a contrast between Locals trust and her parents fear (that she is lost and will come to harm). For Lacy, there is no cause for distress, except consideration of her mothers feelings (if my mother sleeplessly shall not weep). The other side of the conflict is the parents fear and concern: As far as they are concerned, there is nowhere safe; (Where can Lacy sleep? . Their concern becomes more and more self- centered, until it becomes emotional blackmail (oho can Lacy sleep,/elf her mother weep? ). A moral prescription is then introduced Lacy ought to be worried and we notice that this is Justified only by the mothers distress, not by any real danger. By meaner of the command, Then let Lacy wake, Blake shows how fear turns into tyranny. The parents fear of nature has made them unreasonable They command their daughter to be unhappy, simply because they are. Stanza 8 resolves the conflict as Locals surroundings become transformed the desert is bright. Locals positive perception dominates the rest of the poem The imperative, Let in the line, Let thy moon arise, underlines her opposition to her parents. The pivotal word, bright stands between Locals and her parents attitudes to nature (for the parents, it is a dark, unknown world of fear; for Lacy, it is safe and bright. ) The lion licks Locals bosom and the lioness Loosed her slender dress. The dress is a symbol of her parents upbringing, which Locals perception can cast off. .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .postImageUrl , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:hover , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:visited , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:active { border:0!important; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:active , .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0 .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40cb7cc0649b6bfb9a69cae2be4b62d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience EssayShe is naked, so shame is removed (a reference to Adam and Eves nakedness in the Garden of Eden). In the ext poem, The Little Girl Found, the lions masculinity, his mane, was what frightened the parents (soon his heavy man/Bore them to the ground). So, the poem conveys the need for sexual freedom, natural energy, sexual energy, feared by Locals parents. (In The Little Girl Found, the parents perception of the lion as fearful is transformed -then they followed/Where the vision led- by meaner of transforming their vision, their perspective, the parents fear disappears (nor fear the wolfish howl,/Nor the lions growl). Within the pastoral frame of the Garden of Eden, Blake explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. (In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, which Blake wrote between the two parts of the Songs, he stresses that mans instincts are not fallen (sinful from the moment of birth) and therefore to follow the instinctive desire for love and pleasure cannot be wrong: The soul of sweet delight can never be defiled. On the contrary, it is the thwarting of desire that leads to corruption and a warping of the personality: Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse enacted desires. The conventional goodness of Flakes time, therefore, is Just a passive failure o act out desire and is not something to be admired, unlike evil which is evidence of positive energy:. Good is the passive that obeys reason. Evil is the active springing from energy and Energy is eternal delight. So, in the volume of Songs of Innocence and Experience, the tensions, oppositions or conflicts are within the frames of a song, as well as between the two contrary worlds of Innocence and Experience. The Songs not only Juxtapose pastoral ideal with urban reality (echoing Greenwoods; Echoing Green/The Garden of Love), but within the single state of Innocence, pastoral images are Juxtaposed with a flawed urban society. The oppositions also exist within the single states of Innocence and Experience. The Songs of Innocence begins with a clearly pastoral Introduction followed by The Shepherd, The Echoing Green and, of course, The Lamb'(in Flakes final order of the Songs). These songs show pastoral harmony between humans and nature. However, we are led out of (or in and out of, depending on the order of Songs), pastoral and into a disturbing world of social difference and injustice through such lyrics as The Little Black Boy, The Chimney Sweeper'(l). Yet even these songs eave a pastoral element. Tom Decree, in The Chimney Sweeper, is identified with the lamb of pastoral and of innocence through his hair, That curled like a lambs back. The black boys mother describes his body as a shady grove that enables the soul to bear the beams of love, identifying the time on earth as a little space, akin to a pastoral retreat, rather than a time of preparation labor. The pastoral narratives in both poems seek to free the boys from the stigma of their blackness, but ironically that freedom, in the form of a pastoral paradise, is attainable only after death. In The Chimney Sweeper'(l), an angel opened the coffins and set them all free. /Then down a green plain leaping, laughing they run,/And wash in a river and shine in the sun. In The Little Black Boy, Gods voice will call: Come out from the grove my love and care,] And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice. Only in death will the white boy be taught to reject his ignorant racist views: And then Ill stand and stroke his silver hair/And be like him, and he will then love me. So, Blake uses the pastoral to attack social evils and injustice, but also exposes the limits and inadequacies of the pastoral ideal. He transcends the pastoral to show the limits of pastoral innocence; to criticism the human condition; and to show a new vision. He does this by rejecting the nostalgia of the ideal to show the real condition by opposing the pastoral ideal with urban reality. .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .postImageUrl , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:hover , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:visited , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:active { border:0!important; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:active , .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueae190dabe2e85a57376963f10aaf73e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Blakes Songs Of Innocence And Experience EssayThe dual presence of town and country, idealization and realism, celebration and regret provides the tension that is fundamental to the pastoral space. The pastorals critical function is based upon the writers handling of internal tensions between oppositions. Flakes objective in Songs of Innocence and Experience is to show the wow contrary states of the human soul. He shows that we create our worlds by meaner of our perception of it. (Milton: A mind is its own place, and in itself/Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven Paradise Lost). Our world is Innocent loving, meek and mild, delightful, protected, gentle if we perceive its creator as loving, caring and protective. But there are limits to this vision; we are vulnerable because we are ignorant of the dangers and threats that exist. The world of Experience is one that is dark, authoritative, oppressive, uncaring and repressive of enjoyment. We see ourselves imprisoned in this despair if we perceive its creator as oppressive, cruel, punitive and Judgmental and if we perceive ourselves as imprisoned in Original Sin. The two worlds opposed are those of childhood innocence and adult experience. He uses iconic pastoral images (piper and muse, shepherds, rural idyll, innocence of childhood, the Garden of Eden, gardens and greens, lambs, pathetic fallacy) and pastoral states (harmony, Joy, protection, care, love) and opposes these to urban images and states of adult authority and cruelty, state and church repression and authority, dishonest and destructive emotions. Blake sets up oppositions, in the frames of the poems (as artistic creations) between Innocence and Experience and within Innocence and Experience. Blake provides (in Songs of Innocence) pastoral images, but shows the limits of pastoral innocence. In Songs of Experience, he writes in anti-pastoral mode and uses pastoral images to show the destruction of innocence, as well as ways to regain innocence in a vision of a New World. Discussion of putting the complex into the simple: Approaches discussion of The Lamb and The Tiger, pages 91 101 Songs of Innocence and Experience can be regarded as anti-pastoral: Blake exposes he limitations of a comfortable image of pastoral innocence by 1) redefining the relationship between city and country (Russ in rube the country in the city); 2) he uses the pastoral as a frame to expose social injustice and human suffering; 3) he uses pastoral images to show true innocence, then subverts these, both in Innocence and Experience, to expose the dark world of adult authority and repression. Blake use pastoral, not to show the contrast between rural and urban, but to expose the injustices of the human condition. Blake was a poet of the city, of London, and his pastoral setting is in the greens, parks and gardens of London.

Free Essays on The Role Of Biology Vs. Social Construction In Gendered Behavior

In his article â€Å"Biological Limits of Gender Construction†. J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother’s womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts to show through this study that higher levels of androgen, in combination with the effects of socialization on these women, are in direct correlation. His stance is that the effect on women of their childhood gender socialization is constrained by the biological processes that produce â€Å"natural† behavior predispositions. The theoretical biological model he follows states that this exposure to androgens while in the womb (namely in the second trimester) masculinizes the individual’s reproductive organs and nervous system. Udry relies on evidence based on animal and human studies that conclude the effects of testosterone in the prenatal period are thought of as â€Å"organizational†; these effects, he states, are more or less permanent on the structure of the brain and therefore have great bearing on the person’s future behaviors. By highlighting evidence that in puberty, testosterone increases greatly in males and slightly in females, he brings up the point that the behavioral effects of this testosterone at puberty are thought to have an â€Å"activating† effect on prenatal structures of t he genitalia and nervous system. Udry quotes Kemper (1990) and his speculation that rises in the overall female testosterone levels are in response to the women’s movement, and may be a cause of the rising divorce rates in the U.S. around 1960. Udr... Free Essays on The Role Of Biology Vs. Social Construction In Gendered Behavior Free Essays on The Role Of Biology Vs. Social Construction In Gendered Behavior In his article â€Å"Biological Limits of Gender Construction†. J. Richard Udry attempts to apply the theory of sex-dismorphic behavior predispositions and the hypothetical normative structure of our society to a study of women that took place over the course of 30 years. In this study, scientists collected data about the women while they were still in their mother’s womb, namely the level of androgen present. Since the level of androgen present is believed to be a factor in predicting the level of femininity or masculinity a person will show during adolescence and adulthood, Udry attempts to show through this study that higher levels of androgen, in combination with the effects of socialization on these women, are in direct correlation. His stance is that the effect on women of their childhood gender socialization is constrained by the biological processes that produce â€Å"natural† behavior predispositions. The theoretical biological model he follows states that this exposure to androgens while in the womb (namely in the second trimester) masculinizes the individual’s reproductive organs and nervous system. Udry relies on evidence based on animal and human studies that conclude the effects of testosterone in the prenatal period are thought of as â€Å"organizational†; these effects, he states, are more or less permanent on the structure of the brain and therefore have great bearing on the person’s future behaviors. By highlighting evidence that in puberty, testosterone increases greatly in males and slightly in females, he brings up the point that the behavioral effects of this testosterone at puberty are thought to have an â€Å"activating† effect on prenatal structures of t he genitalia and nervous system. Udry quotes Kemper (1990) and his speculation that rises in the overall female testosterone levels are in response to the women’s movement, and may be a cause of the rising divorce rates in the U.S. around 1960. Udr...

Chicago Bulls and DNA Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chicago Bulls and DNA Testing - Essay Example As the discussion outlines, a DNA test would have detected any anomalies in their systems and would have given the club’s medical team a head`s up and thus prevented these situations. It is crucial for professional athletes especially the ones whose families have a history of these diseases and complications to undergo a DNA test. Examples of such diseases include heart diseases, blood pressure complications, asthma and hypertension. If the symptoms are detected, the medical team can determine if the athlete should be allowed to play or not, it all depends on how the level of the threat posed by the discovered signs is handled. There are no clear laws that prohibit or disallow DNA testing although some players feel that the club asking for a DNA test is abusing its powers. The club and the affected individuals to decide on whether the test should be conducted. Clubs and professional sports associations conduct DNA tests for different reasons. Some clubs especially in Major Lea gue Baseball conduct these tests to insulate themselves from lawsuits and spending of millions of dollars on players` medical bills and lawsuits. In the recent past, sports prospects from the Dominican Republic often lie about their age to gain access in the United States where they are offered millions of dollars only to find out that the player lied about his age and name. Clubs also perform the tests to prevent any future situation that may arise from earlier detected complications and spare the fans from witnessing terrifying spectacles as players collapse while playing on the field. Some countries such as Australia have made strides that ensure predictive genetic information cannot be used to make decisions affecting employment and this law extends to professional sports.

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance Essay

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance - Essay Example There are some factors which effect the elasticity of supply one of which is the ease availability of resources (Boyes et al, 2008). Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of Good A with reference to price changes in Good B. Cross Elasticity is used to measure the degree of substitution between the two products i.e., how close the two goods are substitutes to each other. Again, if the Cross Elasticity Demand of Good A and B is elastic or of a greater value, the products would be close substitutes. A small change in the price of Good B would bring about greater changes in the demand for Good A and vice versa (Mushin, 2000). The formula for Calculating XED is: XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B = [(1750 – 1500)/1500] * 100 [(?11 - ?10)/10] * 100 =16.6% 10% = 0.6 If Sunsilk and Pantene a re taken into consideration, if the Price of Pantene changes by 10%, the demand for Sunsilk would change by more than 10%. This would give a comparatively higher value of XED and hence it can be deduced that Sunsilk and Pantene are close substitutes (Boyes et al, 2008; Mushin, 2000). Income Elasticity of demand is used to measure the nature of the product. If the demand of a product falls when people ‘s income rise, the product would be called an inferior good. In contrast, if the demand of a product rises with people’s income, the product would be called a normal good and vice versa, if the demand of a product falls when people’s income decrease, the product would be called a superior good (Boyes et al, 2008). The formula to calculate this is as follows: YED... Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance The method of calculation is the same as other elasticity of demand. Only the Price section has to be replaced with changes income, which would be [(New income – the Old income)/Old income] * 100. In order to maximize the revenues, firms must have the knowledge about the Income and Price Elasticity of their product. This is because when would plan to raise or reduce their prices to leverage their revenues, this might not prove to be fruitful it unless it is done strategically. If the demand for a product is price elastic, a rise in price would drive the consumers away as the demand would be more responsive to price changes and the consumers are bound to switch to cheaper substitutes. Secondly, if the prices are decreased and if the demand is price inelastic, the firm’s revenue would fall as there would be little reaction from the consumers. If high prices are set for price elastic goods, and low prices are set for price inelastic goods, the revenues would fall. Therefore firms need to know the products’ price elasticity so that it can accurately price its products in order to maximize its revenues. On the other hand, pricing strategies have to be set in accordance with the product’s Income elasticity of demand. If a rise in mass market’s income leads to a fall in demand, the product would have to be repositioned as a superior good pertaining to the profitability and would have to high priced for revenues to rise.

World Peace and Prayer Day Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Peace and Prayer Day - Research Paper Example ent time crisis were over consumption, population growth, pollution and natural resource depletion have damaged the life-sustaining capabilities of our Earth. Nuclear, biological and chemical technologies are wiping out humanity and making the planet unable to self-sustain (Susie, 2013). We have a short time to cherish the earth and thus the message by the White Buffalo of global harmony, peace and unity should be sent worldwide. In the year 1985, the message of justice was addressed to the world’s people while inviting them for a new social order consideration. The greatest process of world peace and the foundational elements are addressed within â€Å"The Promise of World Peace†, a document drafted by the â€Å"Universal Church House of Justice†. World peace is a tool for peace, happiness and freedom among all the nations and people of the world. All nations should cooperate voluntarily or under a governance system, thus preventing warfare. The term often refers to absence of hostility among all humanity. It crosses boundaries through technology, medicine, diplomats, engineering and human rights, and in this way, it aids in addressing most of the world’s problems such as climate change, desertification and global warming that has to be addressed through a peaceful global consensus (Susie, 2013). Ancient prophecies have predicted the time when overconsumption, pollution, natural resource depletion and population growth is damaging the life-sustaining capabilities of the Earth. The personal commitment of the Chief Looking horse as a keeper in the sacred bundle is assisting in the fulfillment of the Mending Hoop of Nations. Besides working with his community, he also conducted meetings with the spiritual and global leaders worldwide in addition to offering prayers and speaking at environmental symposiums and universities. The mission of the Chief Looking horse with the Prayer and World Peace Day has made tremendous contributions to the progress of World Peace

Variations of Tracheal Cartilages

Variations of Tracheal Cartilages The trachea, located in the superior mediastinum, is the proximal part of the tracheobronchial tree (Anne M Gilory 2012). It is approximately 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter; courses inferiorly anterior to esophagus and posterior to aortic arch (John T Hansen et al. 2005). The trachea extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage opposite C6 vertebra up to the upper border of T5 vertebra where it ends by dividing into right and left principal bronchi supplying the right and left lungs respectively (S Nandi,2005). It is a passageway for air between the lungs and the external environment (Anne M Gilory 2012). Anatomical variations occur throughout the human body, and it refers to a structure that is contrasting to the ‘common. There are many variation found in trachea but some common variation are width and dimension of trachea between men and women, variation in size of complete tracheal ring and variation in diameter of the trachea. The aim of this report is to di scuss anatomical variation of trachea and its clinical impact on human. Complete tracheal rings are a rare congenital deformity, which occurs in the hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea and results in a narrowing of the tracheal opening. A normal tracheal ring consists of the cartilage in a â€Å"C† shape and a softer posterior membrane made of muscle to complete the ring, in a complete tracheal ring however, the cartilage is what makes up the entire ring thereby forming a narrower â€Å"O† shape. Complete tracheal ring sufferers can present various symptoms including noisy breathing, recurring pneumonias, wheezing, retractions, wet sounding biphasic noise, cyanosis, apnoea, and chest congestion (Kay 2014). Proper diagnosis and characterisation of complete tracheal rings requires patients to undergo a microlaryngoscopy as well as a bronchoscopy, these tests allow physicians to understand the degree and length of the narrowing of the trachea. Treatment of complete tracheal rings can be determined after diagnosis and is dependent on the con dition of the patient and the severity of the narrowing of the trachea. In over 80 per cent of complete tracheal ring cases, surgery in the form of tracheal resection or slide tracheoplasty is required (Sahoo, Karnak, Gildea and Mehta. 2007). Milder forms of complete tracheal rings can be monitored through regular doctor visits and may not require any surgical intervention at all. The width and dimensions of the trachea are the most common variations found in males and females. A recent study (Jay et al. 1996, pp. 861-864) presented research data, which showed that the width of the trachea is wider in males than females. The study among 38 men and 32 women aged between (13-82 years) showed that average tracheal width for men was 20.9mm  ± 0.32 (SD) mm and 16.9 mm  ± 0.25 (SD) mm for women (Jay et al. 1996, pp 861-864). This study also stated that there was no statistically significant relationship between tracheal size and age, weight and height but there is a significant difference in gender and can only be seen until late adolescence (Ringgold Charles 1986, pp 251). The tracheal width for men was significantly wider than women by (P value The trachea is a vital part of the respiratory system and a normal adult trachea is 120mm long and 25mm in diameter (Saladin 2007). Variations in the diameter of the trachea can cause respiratory problems but also problems during procedures such as transplantation, stenting, intubation and endoscopic (Randestand,Lindholm Fabian 2000). It has been found that the size of the cricoid ring can range from 11mm-24mm depending on the sex of the person (Montner, Miller Calboun 1984). Although height, weight and age affect the rate of flow through the trachea, these factors have no correlation to the diameter of the trachea. As mentioned above, the rate of flow through the trachea is affected by the diameter as it has the smallest cross sectional area with the greatest resistance influencing the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (Montner, Miller Calboun 1984). Through the experiments done by Montner, Miller Calboun (1984) it was found that variation in diameter to the 3rd tracheal ring cau sed the largest variation to the PEFR. The trachea is often used to assist in the operation however; there are not many surgeries that reduce the size of the trachea, as there always will be slight variances between different people. The variation of tracheal and tracheal cartilage is extremely important to understand because it may help the clinicians to understand the etiology of various pulmonary diseases (Nepal med Coll J 2010). It is essential to understand variation in length, width and diameter of trachea by clinicians during transplantation of larynx because helps surgeons to deal with resection and reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree (Randestad et al 2000). The accurate an anatomical knowledge of variation in size, shape and position of tracheal structure is important when incubation, stenting, endoscopy and transplantation are to be performed (Randestad et al 2000). It also helps medical students to study pulmonary physiology, anesthesiology and while carryout endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy procedures with skill and perfection (Nepal med Coll J 2010). Therefore in conclusion, like many other structures within the human body tracheal cartilages have anatomical variations. Investigating the variations it was found, there were common and asymptomatic differences of the tracheal rings like the rings sizes and the differences between men and women’s trachea rings. In addition there were more complex variations like complete tracheal rings that, while not necessarily fatal, it still required proper diagnosis to understand the degree of variation. REFERENCES Acosta AC, Albanese CT, Farmer DL, Sydorak R, Danzer E, Harrison MR, Tracheal stenosis: the long and short of it. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:1612-1616 Backer CL, Mavroudis C. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. 3rd edition. St Louis, Mosby Year book; 2003 Chunder R, Nadi S, Guha R, Satyanarayana N (2010), A Morphometric study of human trachea and principle bronchi in different age group in both sex and its implications. Nepal med coll J 2010. PubMed-NCBI 2014, Accessed at 8 April. Elliot M, Roebuck D, Noctor C, et al. The management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 67; 183-192 Kay, DJ 2014, ‘Congenital Malformations of the Trachea’, Drugs, Diseases and Procedures, vol. 12, p.p 43-47 Kay DJ, Goldsmith AJ. Congenital malformations, trachea. www.emedicine.com/ent/topic325.htm :2006 Martini, F.H, Ober, W.C, Nath, J.L, Bartholomew, E.F, Garrison, R.N, Weich, K 2011, Visual anatomy physiology, San Francisco, CA. Montner, P, Miller, A, Calboun, F 1984, ‘Tracheal diameter as a predictor of pulmonary function’, vol. 162, no. 1, pp.115-121, viewed 4th April 2014, Springer, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02715637#page-1> NT Griscom and ME Wohl (1986). Dimensions of the growing trachea related to age and gender, p.p 233-337), American Journal of Roentgenology. Randestad, Ã…, Lindholm, C.-E., Fabian, P 2000, Dimensions of the Cricoid Cartilage and the Trachea, The Laryngoscope, vol. 110, no. 11, pp. 1957-1961, viewed 4th April 2014, doi:10.1097/00005537-200011000-00036 Sahoo, DH, Karnak, D, Gildea, TR, Mehta, AC 2007, ‘Complete Tracheal Ring’ Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 77, p.p 96 Saladin, KS 2007, Anatomy of physiology: the unity of form and function, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York, America.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings :: essays research papers

# Quote Reaction 1 pg. 8 Chap. 1: "The sounds of the new morning had been replaced with grumbles about cheating houses, weighted scales, snakes, skimpy cotton and dusty rows. In later years I was to confront the stereotyped picture of gay song-singing cotton pickers with such an inordinate rage that I was told even by fellow blacks that my paranoia was embarrassing. But I had seen the fingers cut by the mean little cotton boils, and I had witnessed the backs and shoulders and arm and legs resisting any further demands." The importance of this quote is really integral to the rest of the book. To be able to criticize something you should have experienced it. This passage shows that Maya has experienced the non-privilege of being a Negro during the thirties, and experienced it at a young age. Maya wrote that she later confronted the stereotype, She had a right to because of her previous position. 2 pg.14 chap. 2 "Bailey and I decided to memorize a scene from The Merchant of Venice , but realized that Momma would question us about the author and that we'd have to tell her that Shakespeare was white, And it wouldn't matter to her whether or not he was dead. So we chose 'The Creation' by James Weldon Johnson " This excerpt is crucial because it puts yet another facet on segregation. Really the blacks and whites were both afraid of each other equally. The only difference was that the whitefolks were in a position to act on those fears. 3 pg.25 chap 4. "In Stamps the segregation was so complete that most Black children didn't really, absolutely know what whites looked like. Other than they were different, to be dreaded, and in that dread was included the hostility of the powerless against the powerful, the poor against the rich, The worker against the worked for, and the ragged against the well dressed. I remember never believing that whites were really real." The first line really does a good job of summing up the situation in Stamps but the key section of this quotation is the very last line. "I remember never believing that whites were really real." This statement really makes the whole situation clear in that it really brings home how someone can think that an entire race of people don't exist. 4 pg.48 chap 7 "The judge asked that Mrs. Henderson be subpoenaed, and when Momma arrived and said that she was Mrs.

Hebrew Pentecostals Essay

The movement known as the Hebrew Pentecostals started in 1914 by Bishop R.A.R. Johnson, a former Methodist minister, in Beaufort South Carolina. Bishop Johnson, dissatisfied with the Methodist church and its lack of positive support for the Pentecostal experience which included tongues, the indwelling of the holy spirit, and the observance of the original seventh day Sabbath, left the Methodist church to form what was called the â€Å" Commandment Keepers†. Through Bishop Johnson’s travelling ministry both nationally and internationally the church experienced rapid growth and quickly developed congregations on three continents. The group has been in existence and growing ever since then. Bishop Johnson was succeeded by Bishop Aaron Smith, first Chief Apostle, who led the church from 1941 to 1049, followed by Bishop S.P. Rawlings, second Chief Apostle, who headed the church from 1950 to 1990. Under Bishop S.P. Rawlings the church saw significant changes including the adoption of the Jewish festival days, and the acceptance of an identity as â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostal†. Hebrew Pentecostals do not consider themselves a Christian group or a Jewish group; they associate themselves with both early Christianity and the faith of the early Hebrews. Bishop Rawlings felt that the churches observance of the Jewish law and the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the Messiah separated the organization from traditional Christian and Jewish theological positions. The term â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostal† provides a unique identifier which embodies the marriage of Judaism and Christianity. Bishop S.P. Rawlings was succeeded by Bishop F.C. Scott, third Chief Apostle, who led the church from 1991 to 2005. Bishop Scott dedicated the current national Temple and oversaw paying it off. International presence increased greatly under his leadership and technological advancements were made in the church. Powers of the executive boards were refined and polices were updated. The honorable Bishop James E. Embry is the current Chief Apostle of the church and has been in office since 2005. Hebrew Pentecostalism is a religious philosophy derived from the inclusion of all divine concepts expressed in both the old and new Testaments of the Bible. The writings of the Old and New Testaments form the basis for both Judaism and Christianity, they also sharply delineate respective perceptions regarding the manner in which man is required to recognize and worship God. For example, Judaism rejects the validity and applicability of the New Testament writings while Christianity does the same for much of the Old Testament. It appears therefore that a merging of these two desperate positions would be tantamount to mixing water and oil however, that is exactly what Hebrew Pentecostalism does. The word â€Å"Hebrew† was used in Bible history by foreign peoples as a name for the Israelites; today it is applied only to the Hebrew language. Since the basic tents of the Hebrew Pentecostalism extracts its legitimacy from the original concepts of the Bible, it follows that the original reference to Gods chosen people is retained in the denominational identification. Membership is claimed, in the Hebrew family, by linkage provided by the Apostle Paul in Gal 3:29 And if ye be Christ’s, then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise. Pentecostalism has its basic roots in familiar religious concepts. Its beginning can be traced to Acts 2:1-6, where the promise of the Holy Ghost was fulfilled in the upper room. The recognition of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit survived through centuries, but grew in the United States when speaking in tongues was evidenced in the southern Appalachians(1896). However, Bishop S.P. Rawlings of the House of God fathered the concept of â€Å"Hebrew Pentecostalism† at the 58th Convocation in 1977, after recognizing the The House of God was the only known church that embraced the total Bible as current day truth. They follow certain commandments in the Old Testament, such as dietary laws, the three pilgrimage festivals and the Sabbath. Their devotional services follow the Hebrew tradition rather than the Christian. They observe the Sabbath, it being an element in Creation since God himself rested on the seventh day and Adam rested with Him. They believe the Sabbath was made for man, but the Jewish people are the carriers of it. By observing the Sabbath, they are following the practices made for man. They have a systematic way of dealing with issues that come up within their organization and there is a definite hierarchy. They have a spiritual leader over the entire movement, called the Chief Apostle. Currently, the Chief Apostle is Bishop James E. Embry Jr. Under him, there is a board of Apostles, Elders, Pastors, and Evangelists. If there is a decision concerning matters of the Scripture, it comes down from the board of Apostles to the Pastors and to the local congregation. There are the male-only offices: Bishops, Vicar Bishops, Elders, and Deacons. Then the male-female offices: Pastors, Evangelists and Ministers. Then the female-only offices: Elect Lady, Mothers, Missionaries. The role of women is very open in the Hebrew Pentecostal church. There are women Pastors, women who carry out the Sacraments, such as marriage, burying the dead, and rites of Passover. They have no problems with the feminist movement as a whole, but there are some individual disagreements. Basically, as long as the feminist movement does not contradict the word of God, then they accept it. Since the feminist movement advocates abortion it cannot be supported by the church in that area. Their Sacraments are not similar to the Christian Sacraments. They have incorporated the rites of Passover into them. Passover is not a Sacrament in the Christian tradition. This reflects how they incorporate the Hebrew tradition into the Christian idea. The titles of many aspects of their religion have Christian names and some Hebrew themes although they do not exactly call themselves Christians. One common theme in their beliefs is the desire to go back to the root of the religion, rather than follow what history has made it to be. Hebrew Pentecostals are similar to Messianic Jews. However, Hebrew Pentecostals differ from Messianic Judaism in the respect that they started from different places. Messianic Judaism came from a Jewish background to accept the concept of Jesus as the son of God, whereas the Hebrew Pentecostal group came from a Christian background to embrace the Old Testament traditions. They are on the same understanding of the scriptures and identify with them closely. The primary doctrine of Hebrew Pentecostals is contained in twenty four principles developed by Bishop R.A.R. Johnson. Although there are other doctrinal issues that fall outside of these principles, â€Å"The Twenty Four Principles† represents the foundation of the church doctrine. They are as follows: It is important to look at how they approach change since much of their tradition is based on keeping things as they were originally. It is very interesting that if Hebrew Pentecostals find there is something the word of God teaches that they have not been aware of they are open to change. The way they approach change is through question that come up in the national meeting. Anyone can write to the board of apostles with questions and their answers are discussed. A doctoral change may or may not come out of it. Ideas for change can come from the congregation members themselves. The actual mandate of the change is given by the board of Apostles. It seems that the majority of the movement is based on going back to the basics and keeping things the way they were in the beginning and the acceptance of change seems to go against that framework. In the past 40 years Hebrew Pentecostals have increased 1000%. They grow through the merging of churches and through proselytizing. They do not actively proselytize, but when people hear of them, they explain what they are about and people join. http://excitingjudaism.com/docs/Sutton.doc http://netministries.org http://houseofgod.org

Explanatory Style and Depression

Explanatory Style and Depression In studying the research on explanatory style and depression, I found some ideas that could help schools develop programs to reduce the "pessimistic explanatory style" in children. Scientists who have studied the effects of thoughts and feelings have discovered that these hopeless and pessimistic thoughts bring on anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression is our children's worst nightmare, they can become withdrawn, their grades can drop and they could even have thoughts of suicide. Since children spend over half the day in schools, the schools need to become aware of the physiological needs of the children along with the academic needs.What is explanatory style? It is the automatic and natural way you explain events. Three different qualities can determine if you are optimistic or pessimistic. Permanence is the belief that bad events are long lasting for pessimistic, but optimists resist this belief and see bad events as only temporary setbacks.Children!Pervasiveness is the bel ief that failure in one area affects other areas of life also, in contrast to optimistic, which believe failure as being specific to one situation rather than over the entire life. Personalization is the belief that bad events are one's own fault rather than due to circumstances, this makes them feel hopeless, unlike the optimistic believes that failures are not their own fault but rather due to circumstances. We have to learn a new way of thinking to change our explanatory style.We cannot go though a whole day with out some kind of set back, so we need to teach our children how to handle these setbacks. Children learn from observation, therefore, schools need to come up with a program that lets kids participate in different situations. Such as, a class that teaches teamwork and problem solving. The students could have a different...

A Patient essays

A Patient essays A patient, lethally ill or in very bad pain, does not have the right to commit suicide or die by help of a physician. This, of course, is my opinion and I believe that you should always try to keep them alive as long as possible. If you are suffering and are lethally ill, then that is the way that God has it planned out for you. I dont think that anyone has the right to take his or her own life or take the life of someone else. In this country, taking the life of someone else is a major felony and could result in the death penalty. On the other hand, committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide isnt a crime by any means. In an unusual way, this could contradict itself. Can you really put ownership on life? Do we control our own destiny? Why is it that attempting to commit suicide is completely fine but someone depriving someone else of life will most likely result in the rest of his or her life in a cell? We are losing a life either way so what difference does it make? Ask yourself this is it really our life to take in the first place? Do we own it? Everyone has heard about the mass suicide cults that used to thrive in the 70s and 80s. Was the leader of the cult a criminal? If so, why? He didnt kill any of them; they ended their own lives. He may have mislead them and lied to There is only one state in the entire United States where it is legal for a physician to give a patient lethal medicine if they have a deadly disease and are in severe pain. That state is Oregon. This is only done under very tight conditions. This issue is not specifically mentioned in the laws of Utah, North Carolina, and Wyoming. Conversely, it is a criminal act in every other state. Physician assisted suicide or PAS is a big issue in the medicine world these days. ...

Exxon Mobil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exxon Mobil - Essay Example 43). 3) The weighted average rate of interest at which Exxon Mobil Corporation procured their long term debt during the financial year ended 31st December 2013 was seen to be 3.3%. This is also the general lending rate of banks in the U.S to commercial organizations (p. 42). 4) The current yield on 31st December 2013 was lower than the yield on 31st December 2012. The decrease in the current yield rate was primarily due to a rise in the coupon rate. This implies that the binds were being traded at a discount (p. 40). 3) The value of common stock held in treasury amounted to a value of 212,781 million dollars. The average cost per share was approximately $150.56 and number of stock held in the treasury amounted to 2.5 million (p. 40, 42). 5) The company is seen to provide a number of employee stock option plans so as to induce savings and thereby enlarge their pool of investments. However there are no obligations imposed on the employees to invest in the company’s shares and therefore no deductions in this respect are made from their monthly payments. Employees who participate in the stock option are provided with a number of benefits such as higher medical reimbursements and travel allowances than employees who do not participate in the stock option (Harrington, 2003, Exxon Mobil, 2013). 1) The fair value of the investments of Exxon stood at 36,328 million dollars at the end of the year (p. 42). These investments were made in the form of stocks majorly. A considerable portion of the investments also consists of long term receivables granted to debtors. These were treated as investments by the company. Advances of long term maturity were also treated by the company as investments. 3) The net income per share in the year 2012 was seen to be $9.70. This had considerably fallen in the year 2013 to reach $7.37 (p. 41). A probable cause of the decline in net income per share was repurchasing

Organizational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Communication - Essay Example About Toyota Motors Inc Toyota Motors Inc. is one of the top-selling automobile manufacturing companies in the United States providing breakthrough products that cater to a wide range of consumers, and promoting quality, dependability and reliability for over fifty years (Toyota Inc., 2013). A significant proportion of the company's success can be attributed to its almost flawless communication strategies. The company has successfully managed to communicate its visions and ideas concerning its environmental approach, its emphasis on recycling, and providing top quality products to its customers. The effectiveness of the communication strategies adopted by the company is apparent from the unprecedented success of its green environmentally friendly products such as the Prius, which managed to become a revolutionary product idea and a leader in the automobile industry. For the purpose of this study, the concept of organizational communication will be probed with respect to the following management theories: Classical Scientific Management, Human Resources, Systems and Contingency, and Culture with reference to Toyota Inc. Theoretical analysis: Classical Scientific Management: The classical theories of management primarily focus on establishing the most effective job performance functions. The key aim of scientific management is to ensure enhanced job efficiency by developing technical skills, implementing strict rules for compliance, and effectively managing the organizational structure. The Scientific management theory also alternatively referred to as Taylorism, was pioneered by Fredrick Winslow Taylor, for scientifically analyzing jobs and redesigning them in order to improve their efficiency (Daft, 2009). The key elements of this theory include (Lussier, 2011: 40): Development of a systematic procedure that entailed a detailed description of each specific job assigned to the workers Promote job specialization Implement scientific methods of training and develo pment across the organization to improve worker efficiency Establish a systematic work schedule Introduce standardized methods and times for accomplishing each task Offer piece rates and bonuses to employees as positive incentives to encourage improved performance. The production management system employed by Japanese firms such Toyota, for instance, which introduced the just-in-time systems, can be classified as scientific management method. Since this system was introduced by engineers it is most aptly effective in manufacturing industries (Besser, 1996; Price, 2011). The large scale production processes implemented by Toyota were highly scientific in approach and focused on detailed planning. Key emphasis was given on division of labor, effective allocation of jobs, and introducing innovative techniques to enhance worker coordination to minimize the risk of errors and avoid wastage. Such scientific management approach adopted by Toyota ultimately helped the company in catapulting to instant fame, making them the industry leaders in automobile manufacturing, customer service, and product innovation. The key

MIH 514 - Cross Cultural Health Perspectives (Mod 2 CBT) Essay

MIH 514 - Cross Cultural Health Perspectives (Mod 2 CBT) - Essay Example However, I feel this would do more harm than good. Although it is widely believed that English, being the most popular and frequently used language of most Americans and people of British origin, this by itself is not sufficient justification, by any stretch of imagination, to warrant an absolute and arbitrary enforcement to enforce this language on a member of a minority race, or a person with limited or no knowledge of this language. â€Å"Some employers impose restrictions against the use of a language other than English in their workplaces. Reasons given for the restrictions include: The use of a foreign language in a workplace is inappropriate; English has been made the official language of their state and safety and public relations require that only English be spoken.† (William, 1993, para.1). I believe that propagation of English language does not necessarily have to be made at the cost of denigrading other languages. Besides, placing any kind of imposition on the use or non-use of any language to propagate the usage of English, could be tantamount to Anglo mania, and needs to be unanimously condemned. The proposed rule is that they are going to vote on a policy that will require all employees to speak only English at all times in the work place. This is the culmination of events leading to increasing numbers of members of minority groups being hired by the organization and several complaints from employees and customers, which has caused a great deal of distress and anxieties to the majority members of the workforce. I am firmly of the view that an employment policy, or practice that applies to everyone, regardless of race, color, can be discriminatory, or illegal if any one of the following set of circumstances is envisaged: The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, (EEOC) is committed to prevent any kind of discrimination in the workplace arising, inter alia, due to

Animal testing Essay Example for Free

Animal testing Essay Animal testing is used for many products worldwide. Also animal testing is used for a wide range of things, such as items in houses and medicines. Many places test on animals, such as private facilities, universities, and government laboratories. A big debate in today’s society is whether or not scientist should use animals for testing. Most of the animals die during or after the testing. Typing animal testing on images on the Internet it is most likely that gruesome images of rabbits, mice, cats, and dogs being used as test subjects will appear. Some people believe that animal testing has improved the world and continues to do so. They look, at the good side of what animal testing has done for humans. People want to make sure that the product that they are using is safe and won’t affect them in a negative way. Most people believe that it is okay as long as the animal is put to sleep while being tested on and if the animals feel no pain then it doesn’t matter that they are being tested on. Most people think that since most people eat animals; why not use them for testing, which can help humans. But other people think that there are better ways to conduct these experiments. These people can’t stand the fact that millions of animals die because of testing. Haugen, David Animal Experimentation A lot of animal testing is used for cosmetics. Items such as mascara and shaving cream are common cosmetics. The most used animals for animal testing are rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice or rats. It is important for some people to know that their cosmetics were not used to harm animals. However, other people say that they would rather have their products tested by animals because they would rather be safe and to make sure that they wont be affected by the product in a negative way. Another main reason for animal testing is for medical research. Medical research has helped technology. Scientist, want to make sure that they are testing with the most current technology and at this moment its animals. The study of animals helps scientist understand better. Ways that Animal testing has helped medial research is that it has helped find a cure for breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, and many others. Now days it seems not ethical for humans to be tested on, but in the past people in mental hospitals or prisons have been used as â€Å"guinea pigs†. In the past this behavior was acceptable. Humans that are tested subjects these days are able to speak up for themselves where animals are not capable of that. Most people that agree with animal testing have never been forced to do something that they didn’t have a say about and didn’t have rights. Darwin has showed that we share a common lineage with other animals, and a subsequent genetic research has shown the closeness of evolutionary links. This means that we are very similar to animal. Boines, The use of curari in a repository medium in the management of acute poliomyelitis. Most of the animals that are from the streets or animal shelters that are being used as test subjects. Scientists believe that if the animal is going to no use, then it should be used for testing. Some laboratories hire people to drive around to find animals on the street. Most people don’t believe that this is right because that animal could be someone’s lost loving pet. In the past there have been cases of animals being stolen for testing and even trades happening for testing. Jmett, The student roos Animal testing has decreased. The main cause of it decreasing is that people have become more aware of it and what the side effects are to animals. Also a lot of people spend most of their time protesting against it and making other people aware of it. The push of stopping animal testing has affected businesses. For example cosmetic, companies have lost customers because the customers that believe that animal testing isn’t ethical don’t want to buy their pro ducts from a business that test on animals. This has pushed many large cosmetic companies to quit animal testing, but some of them don’t tell the complete truth. People have found that companies that say they are â€Å"animal testing free† usually have other companies test their products on animals for them. They can get away with having the other company willing to test for them because the companies that sell â€Å"animal tested free† products can get away with double or tripling the actual value because they know that customers want to see the words of animal tested free and then the company will share the profit with the other company that tested the products on the animals for them. n.p, A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research People read articles and the description of how they actually test the animal and it shocks them and they think that animal testing should be banned forever, but most of these people also don’t realize that animal testing has helped us with our medical research. Most people that have been sick or are close to someone that is seriously ill and animal testing is one of their only hopes for getting better; then they all of a sudden are all for animal testing. A big question is, ‘is animal testing worth it†? Some people say no because more than half of the animals end up dying after testing. And the testing is usually for the humans and their bodies can react different than the animals, so most people believe that testing isn’t even worth it. The other side of the people believes that testing is worth it because even though animals die there is still progress in today’s medical research. The more that animals get tested on the more we come closer to a better society. They believe that scientists need to start with something and that something is testing on animals. Botting, The history of thalidomide. Drug News Perspectives, Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40 There have been multiple cases where animal testing has affected animals differently than it affected the humans. When cigarettes first came out, they tested them by animals to see if they were safe. If they went by just what animal testing showed about cigarettes, it would be wrong. For animals to inhale cigarette smoke is okay and it won’t harm them, where it would harm humans. Cigarettes also didn’t cause cancer in animals, which they actually do in humans. This shows that cancer is different for animals and humans. Another example is the drug Thalidomide, which was to help prevent nausea and morning sickness for pregnant mothers. Thalidomide was tested on many animals and all of the animals showed the drug as being safe and okay. The drug ended up being unsafe, which caused babies to be born with deformities. The main deformity from this drug caused â€Å"flipper limbs†. This was when the legs and arms were really short and were joined at the hip and shoulder joints. The reason that all of the animals showed this drug to be safe was because the drug was not correctly tested. To be correctly tested they would have had to test the drug on pregnant animals to show accurate results, which shows another way that animal testing isn’t always effective and doesn’t always show the most accurate results. This is just two out of countless documents where animal testing failed to work. All the products were initially tested on animals and were thought to be safe for humans, but when given to humans, major consequences took place leading to deaths and deformities. Animal testing was disproven to be accurate in these tests. This leads people to believe that animal testing is not safe and that people shouldn’t always trust that animal testing would be accurate. Allanou, Public availability of data on EU high production volume chemicals. Some people believe that animal testing has slowed the process of medicine. They believe this because they think that scientists waste time by testing on the animals. They could waste time because some animals react diffe rent then humans and most animals end up dying. Others believe that it is worth the time and that great things can come out of animal testing, which is very true. Humans should be very thankful for what scientist have accomplished. Because of animal testing, scientists have been able to create medicines, vaccines, and insulin that can cure humans. Animal testing has also helped physicians. Animal testing has helped them by making it more accurate for them to perform surgeries, such as heart and lung surgeries. Testing has allowed doctors and scientists save many lives. â€Å"Animal research has played a vital rise in virtually every major medical advance of the last century – for both human and veterinary health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, from dialysis to organ transplantation, from vaccinations to chemotherapy, bypass surgery and join replacement, practically every present day protocol for the prevention, treatment, cure and control of disease, pain and suffer ing is based on knowledge attained through research with lab animals.† The Foundation for Biomedical Research. This makes people believe that if animal testing were to slow down then advancements in modern medicine would significantly slow down. There are about 450 ways to replace animal testing. For some reason many people believe that animal testing is the only option, but that its wrong. The reason we haven’t completely stopped testing on animals is because it would cost a lot of money to replace it, but in the long run it would probably save us money. Also, animals are easier to obtain in labs because scientist are so used to working with them. It’s easy to keep their day-to-day habits instead of changing their whole research and starting over. Also people see that animals die everyday from being tested and they couldn’t imagine seeing humans die occasionally from being experimented with. The rate that society is going, animal testing will always happen, but as time goes by it will be improved and become more humane. Some people believe that animals do not feel pain. Scientists assume though that they do feel pain. An animal has a vertebra back bone just like humans, which leads scientist to believe that they have the same nerves as us. This means that the animals might feel the same or similar to what we feel. Some scientists do believe that if the animal is in intense shock from the testing it won’t feel any pain. This information makes people aware of the effects of animal testing. Some people argue and say that instead of testing on animals test on humans because animals have no say in what happens to them as where humans have a voice and can speak up for themselves. The other side of the argument is that a human’s life is more valuable than an animal’s. Humans are more advanced than an animal, which leads people to feel more compassionate about the human.Crawford The schizophrenic career of a â€Å"monster drug† Some people view animals as equals to humans. The common thing that most people think is that humans are on a higher level than animals because humans have control over their lives and more characteristics, such as humans are more intelligent, creative, aware, technologically advanced, able to understand and speak an language, and able to make moral choices. These rights are what lead people to believe that humans are higher than animals, but the other side of the argument can prove this wrong in their own way. The other side of the argument says that since animals can feel pain they are the same equally as humans. People don’t think that humans and animals should be separated into different groups because they both suffer and can both die. People also point out that not all humans are capable of having all the characteristics that a normal human would have, such as infants or handicapped humans. These people that have less characteristics sometimes might even have less than an animal so an animal would be higher on power. Also since infants don’t have high levels of characteristics many Americans believe that they should be given equal power, which is the same power as a grown adult. They think this is right because their parents value them. But then that doesn’t work for pets if a human values them. This is very inconsistent it shows that life isn’t fair at times. But to be fair everything that is valued by an adult should have rights not just one half. One of the biggest issues that people use to defend animal testing is that the animals are going to die eventually anyway. They say that in nature animals would end up killing each other or dying of natural causes. This is very true, but the other side can argue and say that the way the animals are getting tested on is not â€Å"natural†. The animals end up dying, but a painful death that wasn’t planned to happen. Some humans torture other humans without their consent; such as rape and that it is looked down upon and is not acceptable in our society. Also people for animal testing say humans hunt the animals and kill them to eat, which is true. The other side states that it’s not the same because hunting is for a benefit to survive. They understand that animal testing could be for our benefit for example it can be good for medical research. Even though it can be beneficial, it still is different than hunting because animal testing can be a painful process for the animal and not every company uses it for benefits. LyonTobacco smoke and involuntary smoking, monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer Most people are unaware that animal testing is actually beneficial to animals themselves. Animals need to have the best nutrient and if anyone has an animal as a pet more than likely the animal isn’t going to go out and hunt for its food in the wild, which would make sure it got all of its necessary nutrition. So to make sure the pet has the best nutrition it has to get all of it in its dog food that people buy at the store for them. To make sure all of the right nutrients is in the dog food and won’t harm the animal scientists have to test the product on animals to get the best result. Scientists have also used animals for testing on worms, which is a medical problem for animals and have come up with a result that helps pet’s lives. Most people agree that this is right because it is actually benefiting the animals and their lives weren’t just a waste. I believe that animal testing isn’t ethical. I am an animal lover, but it’s not just that. I disagree in what takes place in the labs. I believe that humans and animals are equally on the same level. So when you see an animal cramped up in a tight, small cage think to yourself what if they were one of your friends or a family member? These animals never get affection so I imagine what life would be like growing up as a child with no one there to support me or lead the way for me. Animal testing has been around for years and people are just now realizing that it is harmful. I also don’t believe that animal testing is accurate. Rabbit’s eyes are different than ours. Rabbits feel more pain in their eyes than humans and the pain effects them longer and it takes a long time for the substance that we put in their eyes to go away. A rabbit’s eye is ten times more reactant to hydraulic solution than our eyes. After the rabbits are tested on scientists wait 14 days until they clean the solution out of their eyes. Whenever I’m in the shower and I get shampoo in my eyes I make sure that I clean them out right away, which is normal they shouldn’t have to have solution sitting in their eyes for two weeks when us humans cant even stand it for a minute. The rabbits are extremely affected by this test. The chemical causes swollen eyes, irritated and cloudy eyes, and inflamed skin around the eyes. Also they might endure ulcers, bleeding, or blindness. Once the test are finished the rabbits die. I believe most cosmetic companies are frauds. They say they are doing animal testing to make sure that the products are safe and that they care about their customers. In reality they just perform the animal testing so any customers don’t sue them. Many cosmetic companies say that the law requires them to perform test on animals to make sure their products are safe, but the companies don’t make that a law. So millions of animals suffer and die for selfish companies not wanting to get sued by their customers. I also believe that in the past when new products were first coming out it was okay because we didn’t even know how these products would affect anything. In general I think every cosmetic companies knows what’s right and wrong for their customers. Works Cited Hansen, Allanou R. Public availibility of data on EU high productions volume chemicals. N.p.: Jont Research center, 1009. Print. American Practice. Boines, 3 May 2010. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. James, Botting J. The History of thalomide. N.p.: Food and Chemical Toxicoigy, 1991. Print. Lane, Crawford C. The schizophrenic carrer of a monster drug. N.p.: Pediatrics, 1993. Print.

Forrest Gump Book Vs Movie English Literature Essay

Forrest Gump Book Vs Movie English Literature Essay Forrest Gump: Book vs. Movie Written in 1986 by Winston Groom, Forrest Gump was eventually made into a movie in 1994 and won an Academy Award. Both the book and its film concern the title character, a man who goes through many obstacles and a number of historical events around the world. Although both works explore the character of Forrest Gump and his lifelong journeys, the original book differs in many ways from its film version. The film portrays Forrest as a charming, mentally challenged man who brightens not only the people around him, but the world itself through his numerous encounters with celebrities, his brushes with key historical events, and more important through his down to earth attitude. The overall tone of the book is much darker than that of the easy going family film. In the book, Forrest does drugs while visiting Harvard, uses profanity, explores a career as a professional wrestler, and even gambles. Although the character in the book seems to mean well, he makes many bad decisions and is sometimes has angry outbursts, unlike the character in the film. Forrest Gumps character in the novel is much different than that of the man portrayed by actor Tom Hanks. Grooms depiction of Gump is rougher, with Gump remaining very much a idiot throughout the entirety of the book, whereas by the end of the movie the character matures into a more thoughtful, wiser, and smarter person. Grooms Gump regularly enjoys marijuana, and although he does make his living from the shrimp business, his gives this business over to his crew deciding at the end of the novel to leave them to be a street performer. Gump is much more of an idiot in the book, rather than Hanks lovable, mentally challenged portrayal. In the book Forrest can solve complex mathematical equations and is a musical prodigy and a gifted chess player. A number of important characters die throughout the course of the movie. Although this develops Forrest Gump as a character and shows his growing maturity in the wake of tragedy, these characters do not die in the novel. Forrests love interests, Jenny, as well as his mother, both live on at the close of the novel. Forrests father is a dock worker rather than a white supremacist, and his mother never resorts to sexual favors in order to keep Forrest in school. In addition, important characters were left out of the film, including Forrests college roommate Curtis and a gorilla named Sue, whom Forrest befriends on his mission into space. Although Forrest takes part in historical events in both the movie and the book, a number of these events were altered, cancelled out completely, or invented for the movie. The book spans 26 chapters, while the film concerns itself with the first 11 chapters and certain events from the books final chapters, cancelling out a bunch of material. Forrest is a football star early in the book; however, he is later described as overweight and not the movie versions avid runner. Forrests run across the United States does not happen in the book, doesnt wear leg braces, doesnt marry Jenny, or even graduate college. The book also describes Forrests participation in a NASA mission into space, his time as an actor, his time spent amongst cannibals, and a scene in which he saves the life of Chairman Mao Zedong during a trip to China. These are some of the parts of the book that were cut from the film to keep it close to two hours. Now on to Forrest and Jenny relationship, we perceive that on the movie, they were actually friends. Their ups and downs show how Forrest loved Jenny, however she feels much sadness and compassion for him. She did not dream about marrying him or living with him. She had other intentions. In the book, she really loved Forrest, although being afraid of this feeling. She began one serious relationship with him and then finishes it when she sees him kissing another girl. Then, she decides to live far from Forrest, although being pregnant with his child. At last, we see one more time that the ideas of the director of the movie and the author of the book are very different. In the movie, after Jennys death, Forrest looks after his son, what reveals that one more time he is figured out as being more independent on the movie. In the book, Jenny marries another man and makes a family with little Forrest and her husband. She feels that Forrest would not be right raising the child. Compared towards books, movies loosely tend to focus more on gathering more people and earning more profit. In order for the movie to be profitable, it has to satisfy peoples desires by including love story, the success of an ordinary person, and a happy ending. The director of the movie would probably have taken the risk of changing much of the original story, because he knew that such components of the movie could more effectively bring the moviegoers and drive him to success.